Exosomes and Ectosomes in Intercellular Communication
Open accessAbstract
Exosomes and ectosomes, two distinct types of extracellular vesicles generated by all types of cell, play key roles in intercellular communication. The formation of these vesicles depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. These microdomains govern the accumulation of proteins and various types of RNA associated with their cytosolic surface, followed by membrane budding inward for exosome precursors and outward for ectosomes. A fraction of endocytic cisternae filled with vesicles - multivesicular bodies - are later destined to undergo regulated exocytosis, leading to the extracellular release of exosomes. In contrast, the regulated release of ectosomes follows promptly after their generation. These two types of vesicle differ in size - 50-150 nm for exosomes and 100-500 nm for ectosomes - and in the mechanisms of assembly, composition, and regulation of release, albeit only partially. For both exosomes and ectosomes, the surface and luminal cargoes are heterogeneous when comparing vesicles released by different cell types or by single cells in different functional states. Upon release, the two types of vesicle navigate through extracellular fluid for varying times and distances. Subsequently, they interact with recognized target cells and undergo fusion with endocytic or plasma membranes, followed by integration of vesicle membranes into their fusion membranes and discharge of luminal cargoes into the cytosol, resulting in changes to cellular physiology. After fusion, exosome/ectosome components can be reassembled in new vesicles that are then recycled to other cells, activating effector networks. Extracellular vesicles also play critical roles in brain and heart diseases and in cancer, and are useful as biomarkers and in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Exosomes are regulated by cytokines, growth factors, proteins, distinct cell types, and other physicochemical conditions at multiple stages in production and widely exist in cells and body fluids in vivo, making them well-tolerated and -regulated.
“In addition, exosomes are regulated by cytokines growth factors, proteins, distinct cell types, and other physicochemical conditions at multiple stages in the production process and widely exist in cells and body fluids in vivo, making them well-tolerated and -regulated [17].”
From The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
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Neurons produce FGF2 and VEGF and secrete them at least in part by shedding extracellular vesicles
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The COMPLEXity in herpesvirus entry
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Jiang, J., Kao, C., & Papoutsakis, E. T. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.021 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development
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Extracellular vesicles (exosomes and ectosomes) play key roles in the pathology of brain diseases
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Mantile, F., Kisovec, M., Adamo, G., Romancino, D. P., Hočevar, M., Božič, D., Bedina Zavec, A., Podobnik, M., Stoppelli, M. P., Kisslinger, A., et al. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14153700 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Therapeutic Strategies and Enhanced Production of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for Tissue Regeneration
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- Authors
- Meldolesi, J.
- Affiliations
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Meldolesi, Jacopo
- ORCID
- Meldolesi, Jacopo
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- R435-R444
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2800030456
- Cited by
- 944
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 144 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 9 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- exosomes, ectosome, extracellular vesicles, intercellular communication, multivesicular bodies, membrane budding, regulated exocytosis, vesicle release, membrane fusion, vesicle cargo, vesicle recycling, biomarkers, cancer, brain disorders, heart disease
- MeSH terms
- Extracellular Vesicles, Animals, Cell Communication, Cell Membrane, Exocytosis, Humans, Membrane Fusion, Signal Transduction, Cell-Derived Microparticles, Exosomes, Multivesicular Bodies
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