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Cited by 7Probiotics and Fermented FoodsDermatology and Skin DiseasesSkin Protection and Aging

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The Skin Microbiome Revolution: The Science and Challenges of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics in Skincare

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Chia, Joie, Carma, Adnyana, Alwyn, Alyssa, Cho, Ryeryeong, Hill, David Stephen, Borrello, Maria Teresa·2026·Cosmetics
DOI 10.3390/cosmetics13010043
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Abstract

The skin microbiome comprises a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, and archaea, all of which play a foundational role in maintaining skin health, immune tolerance, and barrier integrity. Recent advances in cosmetic science focus on the skin microbiome through the incorporation of prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics in topical skincare formulations. This review critically examines the scientific understanding of the skin microbiome, explores the mechanisms and extractions of key “biotics” ingredients, and evaluates the clinical and regulatory landscape surrounding their use in the cosmetic industry. Despite promising scientific data and early clinical findings, there are notable challenges, including limited robust in vivo evidence, regulatory ambiguity, difficulties in formulation, and inconsistent definition and marketing claims. Regulatory harmonisation and the development of standardised testing protocols are necessary to fill the gap in today’s research and to maximise the benefits of “biotics” in the cosmetic industry.

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Metadata

Authors
Chia, J., Carma, A., Alwyn, A., Cho, R., Hill, D. S., & Borrello, M. T.
Affiliations
  • University of Sunderland (GB)
  • School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
Corresponding author
Hill, David Stephen
ORCID
Hill, David Stephen
Venue
Cosmetics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2026-02-13
Volume
13
Issue
1
Pages
43
ISSN
2079-9284 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cosmetics13010043
OpenAlex
W7128798168
Cited by
7
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 6
FWCI
18.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cosmetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Sunderland Repository (University of Sunderland) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
Keywords
skin microbiome, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, cosmetic regulation, regulatory harmonisation, skin barrier integrity, skin health, in vivo evidence, product claims

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