Security Aspects of Blockchain Technology Intended for Industrial Applications

May combine two claims.

Mixcoin delivers anonymity like conventional communication mixing techniques and utilizes a mechanism for accountability to uncover theft of assets.

“Mixcoin delivers anonymity like conventional communication mixing techniques and also utilizes a mechanism for accountability to uncover theft of assets.”

• cites [65] Reijers, W., Wuisman, I., Mannan, M., De Filippi, P., Wray, C., Rae-Looi, V., Vélez, A.C., and Orgad, L. (2018). Now the code runs itself: On-chain and off-chain governance of blockchain technologies. Topoi, 1–11. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Public blockchains are considered safe because the number of nodes joining the network is usually high, and more nodes means a more distributed network.

“Such blockchain is considered to be safe because the number of nodes joining the network is usually high (as it is publicly available), and more nodes means a more distributed network.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The blockchain network is implemented in such a way that it assures data consistency and data provenance, tamperproof and auditability, pseudonymization, DDoS resistance, resistance to majority attacks, security, privacy, and confidentiality.

“The blockchain network is implemented in such a way that it assures data consistency and data provenance, tamperproof and auditability, it is pseudonymized, Distributed Denial of Service resistant, resistant to majority attacks, secure, private, and confidential.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These properties make the blockchain network unique, transparent, and secure for handling online transactions.

“These properties make the blockchain network unique, transparent, and secure for handling online transactions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Consensus mechanisms are imposed to ensure the security of the blockchain.

“The consensus mechanisms are imposed to ensure the security of the blockchain.”

May combine two claims.

Tampering can be controlled in a blockchain-based environment because transactions are secured using hash functions and digital signatures.

“The tampering can be controlled in a blockchain-based environment, as the transactions are secured using the hash function and digital signatures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain has reduced fraud and improved financial accountability.

“The blockchain has also, on the one hand, reduced fraud and improved financial accountability, on the other hand, introduced new cyberattacks on finances and helped in spreading ransomware [30,31].”

• cites [30] Homayoun, 2017, Know abnormal, find evil: Frequent pattern mining for ransomware threat hunting and intelligence, IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [31] Osanaiye, 2016, Ensemble based multi-filter feature selection method for DDoS detection in cloud computing, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eventual consistency does not make data consistent straightaway; it only ensures data will be consistent eventually, with no restrictions on time taken.

“Eventual consistency does not mean that the data are made consistent straightaway; it only ensures that the data will be consistent eventually, with no restrictions on the time taken.”

May combine two claims.

Ring signature can be applied on public blockchain because the group can be formed by users themselves and there is no group manager.

“However, there are two differences; first there is no group manager, thus the identity of the signer can never be revealed, and second the group can be formed by the users themselves, hence, can be applied on public blockchain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Transactions are permanent; nobody can alter the data once entered into the chain.

“The transactions are also permanent, i.e., nobody can alter the data once entered the chain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digital signatures can be used to verify the integrity of data.

“It can also be used to verify the integrity of the data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Nothing can be changed in a blockchain; if a change is required, a new transaction is requested instead of altering the existing one.

“Moreover, nothing can be changed in a blockchain; if a change is required a new transaction is requested instead of altering the existing one.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Consortium blockchains have a high number of nodes like public blockchains, while some restrictions are imposed on the nodes like private blockchains.

“The number of nodes in this blockchain is high, like public blockchain, while some restrictions are imposed on the nodes, like the private one.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The blockchain verifies itself on its own, which makes it unique and trustworthy.

“The blockchain verifies itself on its own that makes it unique and trustworthy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is easy to hack a private blockchain with a smaller number of nodes.

“The shortcoming of such a blockchain is its maintenance, as the organization has to maintain the trust among the participating nodes because confidential information is at stake; also, it is easy to hack a chain with a smaller number of nodes.”

May combine two claims.

Group signature schemes can be used in consortium blockchain, with certain nodes selected as group manager.

“Such an anonymous digital signature schemes can be used in consortium blockchain; as certain nodes in such blockchain are responsible for managing it, those can also be selected as group manager.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The data of transactions are time stamped, meaning any change could be traced.

“The data of these transactions is time stamped-that means any change could be traced.”

May combine two claims.

If data are tampered with, the hash value will change for all previous blocks up to the genesis block, which is not practically possible.

“If a data are tampered with, the hash value will change not for that particular block, but for all the previous blocks up to the genesis block, which is not quite practically possible.”

May combine two claims.

Blockchain has introduced new cyberattacks on finances and helped spread ransomware.

“The blockchain has also, on the one hand, reduced fraud and improved financial accountability, on the other hand, introduced new cyberattacks on finances and helped in spreading ransomware [30,31].”

• cites [30] Homayoun, 2017, Know abnormal, find evil: Frequent pattern mining for ransomware threat hunting and intelligence, IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [31] Osanaiye, 2016, Ensemble based multi-filter feature selection method for DDoS detection in cloud computing, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

If someone tries to alter the data of a node, the hash at the parent level and above up to the root is disturbed, making it impossible for the attacker to change all hashes at the time, so tampering can be easily detected.

“For instance, if someone tries to alter the data of a node, the hash at the parent level are disturbed and the level above that, etc. up to the root, which makes it impossible for the attacker to change all the hashes at the time, and the tampering can be easily detected within the network.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Transactions are made publicly available and are only carried out when nodes agree via consensus mechanism that acts as a trust machine among unknown parties.

“These transactions are made publicly available and are only carried out when the nodes of the network agree to via consensus mechanism that acts as a trust machine among the unknown parties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Eventual Consistency Model provides a balance between data availability and consistency, updates data lazily, and provides readers with updated values.

“A model for ensuring the data consistency is proposed for distributed networks (the Eventual Consistency Model) that provides a balance between the data's availability and consistency, which updates the data in a lazy manner and provides the readers with the updated values [49].”

• cites [49] Xia, Q., Sifah, E.B., Smahi, A., Amofa, S., and Zhang, X. (2017). BBDS: Blockchain-based data sharing for electronic medical records in cloud environments. Information, 8. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CoinShuffle is based on a completely decentralized framework that abolishes chances of theft and assures anonymity using Dissent.

“It is based on a completely decentralized framework that abolishes the chances of theft and assures anonymity using Dissent [68],”

• cites [67] Alam, T. (2020). mHealth communication framework using blockchain and IoT technologies. SSRN Electron. J., 9. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [68] Wu, 2020, EEDTO: An energy-efficient dynamic task offloading algorithm for blockchain-enabled IoT-edge-cloud orchestrated computing, IEEE Int. Things J. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The consensus mechanism ensures that every node has an equal right and a new block can only be added after nodes agree to a consensus with proper participation and co-operation.

“The consensus mechanism is supposed to ensure that every node has an equal right and a new block can only be added to the network after these nodes agree to a consensus with proper participation and co-operation.”

May combine two claims.

For an attacker to totally block the blockchain, more than half of the network nodes would have to be compromised, which is practically not possible.

“Additionally, for the attacker to totally block the blockchain, more than half of the network nodes would have to be compromised, which is practically not possible [57,58].”

• cites [57] Singh, 2020, Utilization of blockchain for mitigating the distributed denial of service at-tacks, Secur. Priv. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [58] Rodrigues, B., Bocek, T., Lareida, A., Hausheer, D., Rafati, S., and Stiller, B. (2017, January 10–13). A Blockchain-Based Architecture for Collaborative DDoS Mitigation with Smart Contracts. Proceedings of the IFIP International Conference on Autonomous Infrastructure, Management and Security, Zurich, Switzerland. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain can be utilized for contract management, copyright handling, and digitization of domains such as healthcare and sales.

“It can be utilized for contract management, copyright handling, and the digitization of several other domains such as healthcare, sales, etc. [59,60].”

• cites [59] Srivastava, G., Crichigno, J., and Dhar, S. (2019, January 5–8). A Light and Secure Healthcare Blockchain for IoT Medical Devices. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Canadian Conference of Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), Edmonton, Canada. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [60] Tapscott, 2017, How blockchain will change organizations, MIT Sloan Manag. Rev.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

CoinShuffle eliminates the need of a third party for mixing transactions.

“An extension of CoinJoin named CoinShuffle [67] eliminates the need of a third party for mixing of the transactions.”

• cites [67] Alam, T. (2020). mHealth communication framework using blockchain and IoT technologies. SSRN Electron. J., 9. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Nodes communicate with the framework using hashes (public keys) while protecting the actual identities of users, making the addresses of user nodes their pseudoidentity.

“The nodes within the network communicate with the framework using these hashes (public keys) while protecting the actual identities of the users, thus making the addresses of the user nodes as their pseudoidentity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the context of Bitcoin, the consistency of data is debatable as it is claimed to be weak as well as strong by different researchers.

“In the context of Bitcoin, the consistency of data is debatable as it is claimed to be weak as well as strong by different researchers [47,48].”

• cites [47] Vora, J., Italiya, P., Tanwar, S., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N., Obaidat, M.S., and Hsiao, K.-F. (2018, January 11–13). Ensuring Privacy and Security in E- Health Records. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS), Colmar, France. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [48] Kumar, 2018, Blockchain technology for security issues and challenges in IoT, Procedia Comput. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A person can have more than one pseudoidentity.

“Furthermore, a person can have more than one pseudoidentity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Public blockchains have low processing speed because of the larger number of nodes within the network.

“However, there are some flaws in such a blockchain, such as low processing speed because of the larger number of nodes within the network.”

May combine two claims.

Private blockchains are better than public blockchains in terms of computation speed because of the limited number of participating nodes, and in scalability that allows adjustment of the number of nodes.

“Private blockchains are better than public blockchains in terms of computation speed because of the limited number of participating nodes-the consensus works fast-and scalability that allows the adjustment of the number of nodes on the basis of requirement.”

May combine two claims.

Group signature and ring signature can be used in blockchain-based systems for enhanced security and privacy.

“Two such signatures are”

• cites [63] Patel, 2019, A framework for secure and decentralized sharing of medical imaging data via blockchain consensus, Heal. Inform. J. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [64] Azaria, A., Ekblaw, A., Vieira, T., and Lippman, A. (2016, January 22–24). Medrec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management. Proceedings of the OBD 2016: International Conference on Open and Big Data, Vienna, Austria. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A blockchain is a huge chain that stores transactions happening within the network so far in a distributed manner, which makes it better than other available platforms at ensuring security and fault tolerance.

“A blockchain is a huge chain that stores the transactions happening within the network so far in a distributed manner, which is what makes it better than other available platforms at ensuring security and fault tolerance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A manipulation attack, commonly Man in the Middle (MITM), is generally used by a hacker with a fake public-key.

“Another such attack is a manipulation attack, a quite common attack viz.Man in the Middle (MITM), which is is generally used by a hacker with a fake public-key [112].”

• cites [112] Wattenhofer, R. (2016). The Science of the Blockchain, Inverted Forest Publishing. [1st ed.].Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ZoE (Zerocash over Ethereum) serves as a smart contract for verification of transactions while maintaining privacy of users.

“An extension called ZoE (Zerocash over Ethereum), which is also available on GitHub, serves as a smart contract for the verification of the transactions while maintaining the privacy of the users [85,86].”

• cites [85] Rondelet, A., and Zajac, M. (2019). ZETH: On integrating Zerocash on Ethereum. arXiv.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [86] (2020, September 12). Available online: https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/babyzoe.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In Dash, users can automatically mix their wallets, increasing anonymity of their funds, and support for mixing is part of the core protocol.

“In Dash, users can automatically mix their wallets, increasing the anonymity of their funds and the support for mixing is part of the core protocol [71].”

• cites [71] Amarasinghe, N., Boyen, X., and McKague, M. (February, January 29). A survey of anonymity of cryptocurrencies. Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference, Sydeny, Australia.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) attacks, connectivity or access to a service is strategically denied for a particular node, server, or computer system on the grid.

“In the cases of Distributed Denial of Services (DDoS) attack, the connectivity of services or access to a particular service (like sign-in or login) is strategically denied for a particular node or server or computer system on the grid, so that the hacker's objective is achieved by the delay during which DDoS was in execution [114,115].”

• cites [114] Vogels, 2009, Eventually consistent, Commun. ACM sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [115] Ronald, L., Shamir, R.A., and Tauman, Y. (2001, January 9–13). How to Leak a Secret. Advances in Cryptology—ASIACRYPT 2001. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Gold Coast, Australia.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Privacy and security of healthcare data are a concern because healthcare data consists of personal information that is confidential and vulnerable.

“The privacy and security of the healthcare data are a concern, as healthcare data consists of personal information that is confidential and vulnerable [97].”

• cites [97] Boucher, P. (2021, March 05). What If Blockchain Technology Revolutionized Voting?. Available online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/581918/EPRS_ATA%282016%29581918_EN.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ABE uses attributes as regulatory factors for cipher text encrypted using the user's private key.

“The Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) is a cryptographic algorithm that uses the attributes as regulatory factors for the cipher text, which was encrypted using the user's private key [79,80].”

• cites [79] Bethencourt, J., Sahai, A., and Waters, B. (2007, January 20–23). Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP ’07), Oakland, CA, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [80] Waters, B. (2011). Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption: An expressive, efficient, and provably secure realization. International Workshop on Public Key Cryptography, Springer. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A variant of NIZK suggested that zero-knowledge computational knowledge could be achieved without any interactions among users.

“A variant of NIZK system [84] suggested that a zero-knowledge computational knowledge could be achieved without any type of interactions among the users.”

• cites [84] Shang, 2019, A blockchain-based land titling project in the Republic of Georgia: Rebuilding public trust and lessons for future pilot projects, Innov. Technol. Gov. Glob.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain has applications such as asset management, stock markets, and banking.

“Blockchain has applications such as asset management, stock markets, banking, etc. [133,134].”

• cites [133] Mourya, A.K., and Singh, P. (2020). Predictive Modeling and Sentiment Classification of Social Media Through Extreme Learning Machine. Proceedings of the ICETIT 2019, Springer.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [134] Yao, A.C. (1982, January 3–5). Protocols for Secure Computations. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (sfcs 1982), Washington, DC, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The banking sector undergoes thousands of transactions per minute involving money or other valuable assets.

May combine two claims.

Dash has CoinJoin mixing built into the core protocol and calls it PrivateSend.

“The cryptocurrency Dash [69,70], a fork of original Bitcoin cryptocurrency, has CoinJoin mixing built into the core of the protocol, and calls it PrivateSend.”

• cites [69] Mourya, A.K. (2018, January 21–22). Performance and Evaluation of Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Network over Heterogeneous Data. Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Solapur, India. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [70] Duffield, E., and Diaz, D. (2021, March 05). Dash: A Privacy-Centric Crypto-Currency. Available online: https://pic.nanjilian.com/20180716/343445b5bc4b5e0cba45893a083b480d.pdf.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The amalgamation of blockchain with IoT with a distributed network would provide safer data transactions.

“Additionally, if the sustainable and smart world were to be made, the amalgamation of the blockchain with IoT with distributed network would provide safer data transactions.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The number of IoT devices is continuously increasing and is estimated to reach half a trillion in the coming years.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several cryptosystems already use homomorphic encryption.

“Several cryptosystems already use this technique [73,74].”

• cites [73] Razmjouei, P., Kavousi-Fard, A., Dabbaghjamanesh, M., Jin, T., and Su, W. (2020). Ultra-lightweight mutual authentication in the vehicle based on smart contract blockchain: Case of MITM attack. IEEE Sensors J., 1. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [74] Aijaz, 2020, 2020 Performance Evaluation of Multi-protocol Label Switching-Traffic Engineering Schemes, EAI Endorsed Trans.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Implementing blockchain would ensure data are secure from theft, breach, or alteration by providing total traceability and time stamping.

“Implementing blockchain would ensure that the data are secure from any kind of theft, breach, or alteration by providing total traceability of the data along with time stamping.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ABE was first proposed with one authority only and has been extended to support multiple authoritative parties and arbitrary predicates.

“It was first proposed with one authority only, which has been extended a few times supporting multiple authoritative parties [81], arbitrary predicates [82], etc.”

• cites [81] McMillan, R. (2020, October 12). Hacker Dreams Up Crypto Passport Using the Tech Behind Bitcoin. Available online: http://www.wired.com/2014/10/world_passport/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [82] Daniel, 2020, The Role of Blockchain in Documenting Land Users’ Rights: The Canonical Case of Farmers in the Vernacular Land Market, Front. Blockchain sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ABE can be used for deployment on blockchain by considering tokens as tracking agents by authorities responsible for distribution, and these tokens should be considered nontransferable.

“It can be used for deployment on blockchain; by considering the tokens (privileges issued to the node) as tracking agents by the authorities that are responsible for the distribution of those tokens, these tokens should be considered as nontransferable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain can be used to facilitate services such as handling property transactions, electronic voting, tax management, and electronic residents management.

“Blockchain can be used to facilitate services such as handling property transactions [123], electronic voting [124], tax management [125] and electronic residents management [126], etc.”

• cites [123] Corrigan-Gibbs, H., and Ford, B. (2010, January 12). Dissent: Accountable Anonymous Group Messaging. Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security, New York, NY, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [124] Pichel, 2016, Blockchain for land administration, GIM Int.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [125] Rivest, 2021, A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key Cryptosystems, Commun. ACMNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NIZK preserves privacy using zero-knowledge proofs.

“Non Interactive Zero Knowledge (NIZK) is a powerful technology for cryptography that preserves the privacy of the system using the concept of zero-knowledge proofs [83].”

• cites [83] Pokrovskaia, N. (2017, January 24–26). Tax, financial and social regulatory mechanisms within the knowledge-driven economy. Blockchain algorithms and fog computing for the efficient regulation. Proceedings of the 2017 XX IEEE International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM), St. Petersburg, Russia. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Enigma is a blockchain-based system working on SMPC that offers a scheme for sharing data secretly using a hash table in a distributed manner and utilizes blockchain externally for record keeping in a peer-to-peer decentralized manner.

“Another such blockchain-based system working on SMPC named”

• cites [78] Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for A New Economy, O’Reilly Media, Inc.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Homomorphic cryptography can be used on data in the blockchain without changes in blockchain features, assures privacy of data in public blockchain, and allows auditing and managing data in encrypted form only.

“Homomorphic cryptography can be easily used on the data in the blockchain without any kind of changes in the blockchain features, which assures the privacy of the data in the public blockchain and allows auditing and managing of the data in encrypted form only.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain can be used for handling supply chains, verifying online payments, and commercial marketing.

“The blockchain can be used for handling supply chains, verifying online payments, commercial marketing, etc. [142,143].”

• cites [142] Chase, M. (2007). Multi-authority Attribute Based Encryption, Springer.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [143] Garg, S., Garg, S., Gentry, C., Gentry, C., Halevi, S., Halevi, S., Sahai, A., Sahai, A., Waters, B., and Waters, B. (2013). Attribute-based encryption for circuits from multilinear maps. Comput. Vision, 479–499. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Traditional supply chains are slow and expensive and cannot provide real-time tracking because of fragmented infrastructure at customer and manufacturer ends.

“The traditional supply chains handle the complexities of the system, but they are slow and expensive, and cannot provide real time tracking of the system because of fragmented infrastructure at the customer and manufacturer ends [88].”

• cites [88] Goodarzian, 2021, A biobjective home health care logistics considering the working time and route balancing: A self-adaptive social engineering optimizer, J. Comput. Des. Eng.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The World Citizen Project is a blockchain-based framework that handles citizens' data at a global level.

“Some the projects have already been deployed using blockchain technology; for instance, the World Citizen Project [122], is a blockchain-based framework that handles citizens' data at global level.”

• cites [122] Ruffing, T., Moreno-Sanchez, P., and Kate, A. (2014, January 7–11). CoinShuffle: Practical Decentralized Coin Mixing for Bitcoin. Proceedings of the 19th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Wroclaw, Poland. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Some patients are unwilling to share personal details to a distributed network and some hospitals are reluctant to share exact medication details with insurance companies, making interoperability between the two organizations difficult.

“However, there are some patients who are unwilling to share their personal details to a distributed network and some hospitals are also reluctant to share the exact details of the medications with the insurance companies-thus, the interoperability between the two organizations could become difficult [99]”

• cites [99] Król, M., Reñé, S., Ascigil, O., and Psaras, I. (2018, January 7–12). ChainSoft: Collaborative Software Development Using Smart Contracts. Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains for Distributed, Munich, Germany. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A blockchain-based framework could be used for integrating government services and infrastructures in a secure and decentralized manner.

“A blockchain-based framework could be used for integrating the services and infrastructures in a secure and decentralized manner.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

With blockchain, data breaches, leaks, theft, eavesdropping, and unauthorized access can be addressed because the network stores records in an immutable chain of blocks that are time stamped, secure, transparent, and managed using consensus mechanisms.

“With blockchain, all these concerns can be addressed as the network stores the records of the data in an immutable chain of blocks that are time stamped, secure, transparent, and managed using consensus mechanisms.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Samsung and Maersk are using a blockchain-based distributed network to trace their international shipments.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The U.S. Air Force and Navy use blockchain for additive manufacturing and controlling 3D printers, respectively.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The secure multiparty computation protocol was initially designed for two parties and then generalized for multiple parties, allowing secret sharing.

“Initially the protocol was designed for two parties only [75], which was then generalized for multiple parties [76], and it allows sharing in a secretive manner.”

• cites [75] Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Gupta, G.P., and Tripathi, R. (2020). A distributed framework for detecting DDoS attacks in smart con-tract-based Blockchain-IoT systems by leveraging fog computing. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., e4112. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [76] Chen, M., Tang, X., Cheng, J., Xiong, N., Li, J., and Fan, D. (2020, January 17–20). A DDoS attack defense method based on blockchain for IoTs devices. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Security, Hohhot, China. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is no need for third-party intervention in blockchain, thus eliminating vulnerabilities from the system.

“Moreover, there is no need for any third-party intervention, thus eliminating any vulnerabilities from the system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain could be used to provide government facilities such as voting, handling legal documents, marriage registration, and contracts.

“The blockchain could be used to provide facilities by the government such as voting, the handling of legal documents, marriage registration, contracts, etc. [121].”

• cites [121] Maxwell, G. (2021, March 05). CoinJoin: Bitcoin Privacy for the Real World 2013. Available online: httpt://www.bitcointalk.org/index.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Advantages of blockchain-based frameworks are more storage for data, less energy consumption, more speed and efficiency.

“The advantages of blockchain-based frameworks are more storage for data, less energy consumption, more speed and efficiency [135].”

• cites [135] Goldreich, O., Micali, S., and Wigderson, A. (2019). How to Play Any Mental Game or a Completeness Theorem for Protocols with Honest Majority, Association for Computing Machinery. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

There are no intermediaries in blockchain-based models, which would make transactions faster and cheaper.

“Moreover, there are no intermediaries in blockchain-based models, which would make the transactions faster and cheaper [110].”

• cites [110] Ying, 2018, Digital enablement of blockchain: Evidence from HNA group, Int. J. Inf. Manag. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Counterfeit products are one of the biggest issues for every type of industry, generating poor customer satisfaction, unreliability among stakeholders, and downfall in the market economy.

“Counterfeit products are one of the biggest issues for every type of industry, as they generate poor customer satisfaction rates, unreliability among stakeholders and downfall in the market economy [87].”

• cites [87] Maldonado, 2005, Attitudes toward counterfeit products: An ethical perspective, J. Leg. Ethical Regul. IssuesNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are several types of attacks that can affect the overall performance of the IoT.

“There are several types of attacks that can affect the overall performance of the IoT [111].”

• cites [111] Sirer, E.G. (2021, March 05). Bitcoin Guarantees Strong, not Eventual, Consistency. Available online: https://hackingdistributed.com/2016/03/01/bitcoin-guarantees-strong-not-eventual-consistency/.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Blockchain can be used for providing standard guidelines and regulations to stakeholders for proper and transparent functioning of the industry.

“Furthermore, the blockchain can also be used for providing standard guidelines and regulations to the stakeholders for proper and transparent functioning of the industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain can facilitate various areas of applications within finance, such as handling payments, managing loans, and cryptocurrencies.

“Blockchain can facilitate various areas of applications within finance, such as handling payments, managing loans, cryptocurrencies, etc. [136,137].”

• cites [136] Andrychowicz, M., Dziembowski, S., Malinowski, D., and Mazurek, L. (2014, January 18–21). Secure Multiparty Computations on Bitcoin. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, San Jose, CA, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [137] Zyskind, G., Nathan, O., and Pentland, A. (2015). Enigma: Decentralized computation platform with guaranteed privacy. arXiv.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Blockchain can optimize the network by reducing transactional costs.

“It can optimize the network by reducing the transactional costs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Because blockchain works on a distributed network platform, every node holds a copy of the data, which makes it difficult for an attacker to modify or tamper with it.

“As the blockchain works on a distributed network platform, every node within the network holds a copy of the data, which makes it difficult for the attacker to modify or tamper with it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Blockchain technology has a vast range of features that can be used for managing transactional records in any type of industry.

“Blockchain technology has a vast range of features that can be used for managing transactional records in any type of industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The framework of Enigma is quite like Bitcoin and facilitates autonomous data transactions without any intermediary.

“The framework of Enigma is quite like that of Bitcoin, which facilitates autonomous data transactions without any intermediary.”

• cites [78] Swan, M. (2015). Blockchain: Blueprint for A New Economy, O’Reilly Media, Inc.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Blockchain promotes the working of users on a transparent platform at a low cost of operations.

“Blockchain promotes the working of the users on a transparent platform at a low cost of operations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Moving governance towards blockchain would assure security and privacy of data along with cost effectiveness in implementation.

“Conclusively, moving the governance towards the blockchain would assure the security and privacy of the data along with cost effectiveness in implementation,”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Making use of blockchain technology could contribute to the development of a safer, more secure, and more transparent working environment in all industrial sectors.

“As such, making use of this reliable, trusted technology could contribute to the development of a safer, more secure, and more transparent working environment in all the industrial sectors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Blockchain can efficiently handle the marketing of counterfeit products in supply chains by keeping track of the entire supply chain mechanism in a time-stamped and tamper-proof manner in real time.

“supply chains, where it can efficiently handle the marketing of counterfeit products by keeping track of the entire supply chain mechanism in a time-stamped and tamper-proof manner in real time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Integration with automatic verified billing and transparency is a possible solution to the challenge of physical transactions in blockchain for manufacturing business.

“Integration with automatic verified billing, transparency [147]”

• cites [147] Bodkhe, 2020, Blockchain for industry 4.0: A comprehensive review, IEEE Access sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Blockchain technology has huge potential to transform almost all industrial sectors.

“For the reasons that are discussed in this paper, it is clear that blockchain technology has huge potential to transform almost all industrial sectors.”

May combine two claims.

Bidding and contracts can be implemented using blockchain, which would eliminate third-party/human involvement, reducing chances of discrepancy or unnecessary costs.

“Furthermore, bidding and contracts are also an aspect of the business domain that needs to be secured and transparent, which can be implemented using blockchain, which would eliminate third party/human involvement, hence reducing the chances of any discrepancy or unnecessary costs [144,145].”

• cites [144] Goldwasser, 1989, The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems, SIAM J. Comput. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [145] Blum, M., Feldman, P., and Micali, S. (2019). Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge and Its Applications, Association for Computing Machinery. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Immutable and time-stamped transactions to track and manage assets are a possible solution to the challenge of selling or renting property in blockchain for governance.

“Immutable and Time-Stamped transactions to track and manage assets [130]”

• cites [130] Dewan, 2020, Use of blockchain in designing smart city, Smart Sustain. Built Environ. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No third-party involvement is a possible solution to the challenge of human intervention in blockchain for manufacturing business.

“No third-party involvement [147]”

• cites [147] Bodkhe, 2020, Blockchain for industry 4.0: A comprehensive review, IEEE Access sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Blockchain can be leveraged in healthcare for securely sharing and confidentially storing Electronic Health Records (EHRs).

“We have also discussed how blockchain can also be leveraged in the healthcare domain for securely sharing and confidentially storing Electronic Health Records (EHRs).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Digitization of currencies is a challenge for blockchain technology in finance applications.

“Digitization of currencies [140]”

• cites [140] Nguyen, Q.K. (2016, January 24–25). Blockchain_A _nancial technology for future sustainable development. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development (GTSD), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.