Blockchain for industry 4.0: a comprehensive review
Open accessAbstract
Due to the proliferation of ICT during the last few decades, there is an exponential increase in the usage of various smart applications such as smart farming, smart healthcare, supply-chain & logistics, business, tourism and hospitality, energy management etc. However, for all the aforementioned applications, security and privacy are major concerns keeping in view of the usage of the open channel, i.e., Internet for data transfer. Although many security solutions and standards have been proposed over the years to enhance the security levels of aforementioned smart applications, but the existing solutions are either based upon the centralized architecture (having single point of failure) or having high computation and communication costs. Moreover, most of the existing security solutions have focussed only on few aspects and fail to address scalability, robustness, data storage, network latency, auditability, immutability, and traceability. To handle the aforementioned issues, blockchain technology can be one of the solutions. Motivated from these facts, in this paper, we present a systematic review of various blockchain-based solutions and their applicability in various Industry 4.0-based applications. Our contributions in this paper are in four fold. Firstly, we explored the current state-of-the-art solutions in the blockchain technology for the smart applications. Then, we illustrated the reference architecture used for the blockchain applicability in various Industry 4.0 applications. Then, merits and demerits of the traditional security solutions are also discussed in comparison to their countermeasures. Finally, we provided a comparison of existing blockchain-based security solutions using various parameters to provide deep insights to the readers about its applicability in various applications.
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Blockchain does not require third parties or middleman and infrastructure's deployment cost for public blockchain to guarantee business operations, which can reduce the cost of operating business.
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From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [142]
Physical transactions are a challenge for blockchain technology in manufacturing business applications.
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No third-party involvement is a possible solution to the challenge of human intervention in blockchain for manufacturing business.
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From Security Aspects of Blockchain Technology Intended for Industrial Applications (2021) · cites this paper as [147]
Integration with automatic verified billing and transparency is a possible solution to the challenge of physical transactions in blockchain for manufacturing business.
“Integration with automatic verified billing, transparency [147]”
From Security Aspects of Blockchain Technology Intended for Industrial Applications (2021) · cites this paper as [147]
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A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions
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Edge computing: current trends, research challenges and future directions
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Kumar, R., Tripathi, R., Marchang, N., Srivastava, G., Gadekallu, T. R., & Xiong, N. N. (2021) · Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2021.02.022 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Security Aspects of Blockchain Technology Intended for Industrial Applications
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A blockchain-based audit trail mechanism: design and implementation
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Rahman, A., Sara, U., Kundu, D., Islam, S., Jahidul, M., Hasan, M., Rahman, Z., & Kamal, M. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications · doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2020.0110980 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Blockchain Applications and Challenges in Smart grid
Younes, Z., Alhamrouni, I., Mekhilef, S., & Khan, M. R. B. (2021) · 2021 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON) · doi:10.1109/cencon51869.2021.9627297 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Abdalzaher, M. S., Krichen, M., Shaaban, M. F., & Fouda, M. M. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3613669 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“These approaches reflect varied global e ff orts to enhance IIoT DQ, security, and responsiveness [175], [176].”
- Authors
- Bodkhe, U., Tanwar, S., Parekh, K., Khanpara, P., Tyagi, S., Kumar, N., & Alazab, M.
- Affiliations
- Nirma University (IN)
- Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (IN)
- Asia University (TW)
- Charles Darwin University (AU)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 79764-79800
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3017089210
- Semantic Scholar
- 3cc3798b16bf992376cebaa3fe398afffc400f9e
- Cited by
- 766
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 174 · 2022: 165 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 32
- FWCI
- 109.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Department of Corporate and Information Services, NTG of Australia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptography and Data Security
- Keywords
- blockchain, Industry 4.0, smart applications, privacy and security, supply chain logistics, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, energy management, scalability, auditability, immutability, traceability, network latency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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