Current Knowledge on Beetroot Bioactive Compounds: Role of Nitrate and Betalains in Health and Disease
Open accessAbstract
An increase in the prevalence of noncommunicable chronic diseases has been occurring in recent decades. Among the deaths resulting from these conditions, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) stand out as the main contributors. In this regard, dietary patterns featuring a high content of vegetables and fruits, such as the Mediterranean and the DASH diets, are considered beneficial, and thus have been extensively studied. This has resulted in growing interest in vegetable-derived ingredients and food-supplements that may have potential therapeutic properties. Among these supplements, beetroot juice, which is obtained from the root vegetable Beta vulgaris, has gained much attention. Although a significant part of the interest in beetroot juice is due to its nitrate (NO3−) content, which has demonstrated bioactivity in the cardiovascular system, other ingredients with potential beneficial properties such as polyphenols, pigments and organic acids are also present. In this context, the aim of this review article is to analyze the current knowledge regarding the benefits related to the consumption of beetroot and derived food-supplements. Therefore, this article focuses on nitrate and betalains, which are considered to be the major bioactive compounds present in beetroot, and thus in the derived dietary supplements.
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Beetroot is one of the richest dietary sources of inorganic nitrate (250-400 mg/100 g fresh weight), depending on agronomic and storage conditions.
“Depending on agronomic and storage conditions, it is also one of the richest dietary sources of inorganic nitrate (250–400 mg/100 g fresh weight) [80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
Section 2 (Nitrate; page unavailable) identifies beetroot as a main dietary source of nitrate and says growing and storage conditions can affect nitrate content. The passages in our copy do not give the claimed 250–400 mg per 100 g fresh-weight range; searches for that range and for Table 1 did not retrieve it. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPolyphenols and betalains contribute to prolonged NO signalling by protecting against oxidative degradation.
“Polyphenols and betalains contribute to prolonged NO signalling by protecting against oxidative degradation [80].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
Section 3.2.2 describes betalains as antioxidants and says phenolic compounds may contribute to beetroot preparations’ overall antioxidant effect. Section 2.3 says polyphenol-rich foods can enhance gastric nitrite reduction. Neither passage says these compounds protect NO from oxidative degradation or prolong NO signalling, so the proposed mechanism is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNitrate-rich foods such as beetroot are particularly effective as they provide both nitrates and stabilising phytochemicals, such as betalains and polyphenols, which limit oxidative degradation and support endothelial function.
“Nitrate-rich foods, such as beetroot, are particularly effective as they provide both nitrates and stabilising phytochemicals, such as betalains and polyphenols, which limit oxidative degradation and support endothelial function [80].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
Section 2.2.3 says beetroot juice provides nitrate alongside polyphenols and reports a proposed mechanism by which polyphenols protect nitrate and NO from reactive oxygen species. Section 3.2.2 describes betalains as antioxidants, but does not establish that they stabilise nitrate or NO. The paper discusses blood-pressure effects and endothelial cell damage in Section 3.2.1, but does not establish the claimed combined effect of these compounds on endothelial function. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Milton-Laskibar, I., Martínez, J. A., & Portillo, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA—Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (ES)
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-06-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1314
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8229785
- OpenAlex
- W3171205451
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Communities in ADDI (University of the Basque Country) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Communities in ADDI (Universidad del Pais Vasco) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Eusko Jaurlaritza (PA20/04)
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (GIU18-173)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB12/03/30007)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Botanical Research and Applications
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- beetroot, Beta vulgaris, nitrate, betalains, beetroot juice, bioactive compounds, cardiovascular disease, non-communicable diseases, dietary supplements, polyphenols, organic acids, pigments, Mediterranean diet, DASH diet
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