The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 106 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Sedentary behavior is a cluster of behaviors adopted in a sitting or lying posture where little energy is being expended. Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for health independent to inactivity. Currently, there are no published systematic reviews on the prevalence of sedentary behavior objectively measured in, or subjectively reported by, older adults. The aim of this systematic review was to collect and analyze published literature relating to reported prevalence of sedentary behavior, written in English, on human adults, where subjects aged 60 years and over were represented in the study. 23 reports covered data from 18 surveys sourced from seven countries. It was noted that sedentary behavior is defined in different ways by each survey. The majority of surveys included used self-report as a measurement of sedentary behavior. Objective measurements were also captured with the use of body worn accelerometers. Whether measurements are subjective or objective, the majority of older adults are sedentary. Almost 60% of older adult’s reported sitting for more than 4 h per day, 65% sit in front of a screen for more than 3 h daily and over 55% report watching more than 2 h of TV. However, when measured objectively in a small survey, it was found that 67% of the older population were sedentary for more than 8.5 h daily.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review synthesizes 23 reports from 18 surveys in seven countries and finds sedentary behavior highly prevalent in older adults, with about 59% reporting >4 h/day sitting and 67% objectively sedentary >8.5 h/day in one small accelerometry study. Measurement heterogeneity and self-report limitations constrain comparability across surveys.
Key findings
- Across seven sitting surveys (N = 372,550 older adults), meta-prevalence was 58.9% sitting >4 h/day, 26.6% >6 h/day, and 5.0% >10 h/day; 78% reported >3 h/day versus 22% <3 h/day.
- TV viewing meta-prevalence from nine surveys (N = 275,344) was 56% >2 h/day, 54.2% >3 h/day, and 15.1% >4 h/day; screen-time meta-prevalence from three studies (N = 105,424) was 52.9% >4 h/day and 93.6% >2 h/day.
- Computer use was reported by 64.6% of UK older adults, but fewer than 10% of Canadian older adults used a computer for more than 1.6 h daily; use was higher in younger older adults and males.
- Objective accelerometry in 649 English older adults found 67% sedentary for more than 8.5 h of the waking day, with only 33% below that threshold; gender differences were small, and sedentary time increased slightly over age 75 except for computer use.
Methods
- Systematic review with electronic searches of AMED, CINAHL, and Medline in August 2013, plus manual journal searches, reference-list checks, and author contact; inclusion required English-language scholarly papers on human adults with participants aged 60+, prevalence of sedentary behavior as a defined outcome, >200 subjects, and at least one day of recording.
- The search returned 2,343 papers; after duplicates, 2,078 were reviewed, with 1,864 excluded by title, 113 by abstract, and 82 by full text, leaving 19 papers; additional data and manual searching yielded 23 reports from 18 surveys in seven countries, covering over 500,000 older adults.
- Data were converted to hours/day where needed, and prevalence data were pooled into meta-prevalence using the inverse variance method for sitting (7/9 surveys), TV viewing (9/10 surveys), and screen time (3 studies); computer use and accelerometry data were not pooled.
Limitations
- The paper states that inverse variance meta-prevalence has limitations for very high and very low prevalence, tending to overestimate weights for such categories, and that pooled studies used different prevalence categories, so weighting may have been underestimated for some larger time categories.
- The paper states that accelerometry data came from a single study of 649 older adults in one country and may not be generalizable; it also notes that the accelerometer measured lack of activity counts as sedentary rather than sitting, potentially including standing time.
- The paper states that self-report measures have poor accuracy and can underestimate relationships, and the text makes evident that sedentary behavior definitions were not standardized until 2012, most surveys used self-report, and specific data on the oldest old were limited.
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47 Not checked yet · 26 Own result · 7 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given · 3 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objective measurements were also captured with the use of body worn accelerometers.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“over 55% report watching more than 2 h of TV”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when measured objectively in a small survey, it was found that 67% of the older population were sedentary for more than 8.5 h daily.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost 60% of older adult’s reported sitting for more than 4 h per day”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of surveys included used self-report as a measurement of sedentary behavior.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“65% sit in front of a screen for more than 3 h daily”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It would appear there is little difference in report by gender (1.6 ± 1.6%) [3,17,18].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dogra, S., and Stathokostas, L. (2012). Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J. Aging Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average across the studies, 58.9% of older adults reported sitting for over 4 h, 26.6% reported over 6 h and 5.0% reported over 10 h per day.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average across the studies, 58.9% of older adults reported sitting for over 4 h, 26.6% reported over 6 h and 5.0% reported over 10 h per day.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results were obtained for a total population of 372,550 compiled from seven surveys covering six countries (Australia, Canada, Norway, Spain, UK and USA) [3,17,18,24,25,27,33].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dogra, S., and Stathokostas, L. (2012). Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J. Aging Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chau, J.Y., Grunseit, A., Midthjell, K., Holmen, J, Holmen, T.L., Bauman, A.E., and van der Ploeg, H.P. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults: Evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Balboa-Castillo, T., León-Muñoz, L.M., Graciani, A., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., and Guallar-Castillón, P. (2011). Longitudinal association of physical activity and sedentary behavior during leisure time with health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Stamatakis, 2012, Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults, Prev. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Matthews, 2012, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plainn = 372,550- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average across the studies, 58.9% of older adults reported sitting for over 4 h, 26.6% reported over 6 h and 5.0% reported over 10 h per day.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · hedged
“Globally, almost 60% of older adult’s report sitting for more than 4 h per day.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“Approximately 60% of older adult’s report sitting for more than 4 h per day and over 54% report watching more than 3 h of TV and 65% sit in front of a screen for over 3 h.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identified papers came mostly from developed countries: Australia (4); Canada (3); Japan (2); Norway (1); Spain (2); UK (4); USA (7)”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.3. Sedentary Behavior Surveys
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patel et al. [15] using ACS II NC data, reported “leisure time sitting” and reported a level of 54.1% reporting over 3 h at this level, compared to 78.0% “total sitting time” found by the meta-prevalence method.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and covered information from 18 surveys and reported sedentary behavior of over 500,000 older adults.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.3. Sedentary Behavior Surveys
plainn = 500,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fifty six percent of the older population report watching over 2 h of TV per day, 54.2% report over 3 h and 15.1% report over 4 h.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
“15% report watching more than 4 h of TV daily and 54% reported levels of 3h daily.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · hedged
“Approximately 60% of older adult’s report sitting for more than 4 h per day and over 54% report watching more than 3 h of TV and 65% sit in front of a screen for over 3 h.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Salmon, 2000, The association between television viewing and overweight among Australian adults participating in varying levels of leisure-time physical activity, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
- Not checked yetcites [23] Kikuchi, H., Inoue, S., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N., Oka, K., and Shimomitsu, T. (2013). Correlates of prolonged television viewing time in older Japanese men and women. BMC Public Health, 13. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chau, J.Y., Grunseit, A., Midthjell, K., Holmen, J, Holmen, T.L., Bauman, A.E., and van der Ploeg, H.P. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults: Evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Hamer, M., and Stamatakis, E. (2013). Screen-based sedentary behavior, physical activity and muscle strength in the English longitudinal study of ageing. PLoS One, 8. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bowman, 2006, Television-viewing characteristics of adults: Correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status, Prev. Chronic Dis.
- Not checked yetcites [33] Matthews, 2012, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Clark, 2011, Relationship of television time with accelerometer-derived sedentary time: NHANES, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plainn = 275,344- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fifty six percent of the older population report watching over 2 h of TV per day, 54.2% report over 3 h and 15.1% report over 4 h.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Salmon, 2000, The association between television viewing and overweight among Australian adults participating in varying levels of leisure-time physical activity, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
- Not checked yetcites [23] Kikuchi, H., Inoue, S., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N., Oka, K., and Shimomitsu, T. (2013). Correlates of prolonged television viewing time in older Japanese men and women. BMC Public Health, 13. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chau, J.Y., Grunseit, A., Midthjell, K., Holmen, J, Holmen, T.L., Bauman, A.E., and van der Ploeg, H.P. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults: Evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Hamer, M., and Stamatakis, E. (2013). Screen-based sedentary behavior, physical activity and muscle strength in the English longitudinal study of ageing. PLoS One, 8. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bowman, 2006, Television-viewing characteristics of adults: Correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status, Prev. Chronic Dis.
- Not checked yetcites [33] Matthews, 2012, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Clark, 2011, Relationship of television time with accelerometer-derived sedentary time: NHANES, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plainn = 275,344- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
In the paper
“As with computer use patterns, and likely because of computer use, screen time is reported to be slightly higher in the 65–74 age group, than the over 75 years, 52.5% and 47.8%, respectively report over 4 h of screen time [28].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Available online:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/02160336/03367.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As can be seen from Figure 6, 52.9% of the population in Australia, UK and USA reported more than 4 h daily and 93.6% reported screen time of over 2 h [18,28,35].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Available online:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/02160336/03367.
- Not checked yetcites [35] Ford, E.S. (2012). Combined television viewing and computer use and mortality from all-causes and diseases of the circulatory system among adults in the United States. BMC Public Health, 12. source
plainn = 105,424- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bank et al. [18] and the Scottish Government [28] report gender specific data, there is little effect of gender with the mean difference between males and females in these two data sets (1.5 ± 1.2%).”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Available online:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/02160336/03367.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As can be seen from Figure 6, 52.9% of the population in Australia, UK and USA reported more than 4 h daily and 93.6% reported screen time of over 2 h [18,28,35].”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
“When screen time is reported, 53% of older adults report sitting in front of a screen for over 4 h daily.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Available online:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/02160336/03367.
- Not checked yetcites [35] Ford, E.S. (2012). Combined television viewing and computer use and mortality from all-causes and diseases of the circulatory system among adults in the United States. BMC Public Health, 12. source
plainn = 105,424- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
In the paper
“As with computer use patterns, and likely because of computer use, screen time is reported to be slightly higher in the 65–74 age group, than the over 75 years, 52.5% and 47.8%, respectively report over 4 h of screen time [28].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Available online:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/02160336/03367.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Report of TV viewing by gender was less common, the average difference between gender report was 1.8 ± 1.4% [16,17,21,23].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Wijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S.J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N.J., and Ekelund, U. (2011). Television viewing and incident cardiovascular disease: Prospective associations and mediation analysis in the EPIC Norfolk Study. PLoS One, 6. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
- Not checked yetcites [23] Kikuchi, H., Inoue, S., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N., Oka, K., and Shimomitsu, T. (2013). Correlates of prolonged television viewing time in older Japanese men and women. BMC Public Health, 13. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fifty six percent of the older population report watching over 2 h of TV per day, 54.2% report over 3 h and 15.1% report over 4 h.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
“15% report watching more than 4 h of TV daily and 54% reported levels of 3h daily.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Salmon, 2000, The association between television viewing and overweight among Australian adults participating in varying levels of leisure-time physical activity, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
- Not checked yetcites [23] Kikuchi, H., Inoue, S., Sugiyama, T., Owen, N., Oka, K., and Shimomitsu, T. (2013). Correlates of prolonged television viewing time in older Japanese men and women. BMC Public Health, 13. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chau, J.Y., Grunseit, A., Midthjell, K., Holmen, J, Holmen, T.L., Bauman, A.E., and van der Ploeg, H.P. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults: Evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Hamer, M., and Stamatakis, E. (2013). Screen-based sedentary behavior, physical activity and muscle strength in the English longitudinal study of ageing. PLoS One, 8. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bowman, 2006, Television-viewing characteristics of adults: Correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status, Prev. Chronic Dis.
- Not checked yetcites [33] Matthews, 2012, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Clark, 2011, Relationship of television time with accelerometer-derived sedentary time: NHANES, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plainn = 275,344- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Approximately 60% of older adult’s report sitting for more than 4 h per day and over 54% report watching more than 3 h of TV and 65% sit in front of a screen for over 3 h.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 5. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] The Scottish Health Survey 2003. Available online:http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/12/02160336/03367.
- Not checked yetcites [35] Ford, E.S. (2012). Combined television viewing and computer use and mortality from all-causes and diseases of the circulatory system among adults in the United States. BMC Public Health, 12. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The definition of sedentary behavior was not standardized until 2012 [12], therefore there is wide range of assessment and analysis of sedentary behavior in the reviewed literature.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sedentary Behaviour Research Network (2012). Letter to the editor: Standardized use of the terms “sedentary” and “sedentary behaviours”. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 37, 540–542. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The amount of time spent being sedentary is an important risk factor associated with several aspects of ill health, including overweight and obesity and associated metabolic diseases [5].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity: Review of the Current Scientific Evidence. Available online:https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213745/dh_128225.pdf.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether measurements are subjective or objective, the majority of older adults are sedentary.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“Whether measurements are subjective or objective, the majority of older adults are sedentary.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there is a fair amount of research on the sedentary behavior of children and young adults, there is little on older people to allow policy recommendations to give detailed information on reducing sedentary behavior in older adults [5,7,8,9,10,11].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity: Review of the Current Scientific Evidence. Available online:https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213745/dh_128225.pdf.
- Not checked yetcites [7] Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Available online:http://www.health.gov/paguidelines.
- Not checked yetcites [8] Start Active, Stay Active: A Report on Physical Activity from the Four Home Countries’ Chief Medical Officers. Available online:https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/start-active-stay-active-a-report-on-physical-activity-from-the-four-home-countries-chief-medical-officers.
- Not checked yetcites [9] Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Available online:http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/index.html.
- Not checked yetcites [10] Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines and Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines. Available online:http://www.csep.ca/english/view.asp?x=949.
- Not checked yetcites [11] Physical Activity Guidelines. Available online:http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-phys-act-guidelines.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Van der Ploeg [20] reported the prevalence of sitting by age group and report 72.7% in the 65–74 years sit over 4 h per day and 76.2% in the over 75 group.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Chey, 2012, Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222,497 Australian adults, Arch. Intern. Med. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CFS was described by Katzmarksky et al. [14] employing a different question format asking participants about their sitting behavior in fractions of a day. They reported that 30.7% of older adults reported spending a half day sitting and 6.4% reported sitting all day.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Katzmarzyk, 2009, Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“León-Muńoz et al. [26] tracked changes in sedentary time over 2 years in those over 60 years of age and found that over this period 22.9% remained sedentary, 21.5% became more sedentary and 20.2% reduced their sedentary time.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] 2013, Continued sedentariness, change in sitting time, and mortality in older adults, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Van der Ploeg [20] reported the prevalence of sitting by age group and report 72.7% in the 65–74 years sit over 4 h per day and 76.2% in the over 75 group.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Chey, 2012, Sitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222,497 Australian adults, Arch. Intern. Med. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“León-Muńoz et al. [26] tracked changes in sedentary time over 2 years in those over 60 years of age and found that over this period 22.9% remained sedentary, 21.5% became more sedentary and 20.2% reduced their sedentary time.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] 2013, Continued sedentariness, change in sitting time, and mortality in older adults, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CFS was described by Katzmarksky et al. [14] employing a different question format asking participants about their sitting behavior in fractions of a day. They reported that 30.7% of older adults reported spending a half day sitting and 6.4% reported sitting all day.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Katzmarzyk, 2009, Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“León-Muńoz et al. [26] tracked changes in sedentary time over 2 years in those over 60 years of age and found that over this period 22.9% remained sedentary, 21.5% became more sedentary and 20.2% reduced their sedentary time.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] 2013, Continued sedentariness, change in sitting time, and mortality in older adults, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This is comparable to 7.9% of females reported “sitting all day” reported by George et al. [31].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] George, 2010, Beyond recreational physical activity: Examining occupational and household activity, transportation activity, and sedentary behavior in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk, Am. J. Public Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patel et al. [15] using ACS II NC data, reported “leisure time sitting” and reported a level of 54.1% reporting over 3 h at this level, compared to 78.0% “total sitting time” found by the meta-prevalence method.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Patel, 2010, Leisure time spent sitting in relation to total mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults, Am. J. Epidemiol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The largest gender difference reported by Wijndaele, et al. [16] where 3.7% more females reported levels of >3.6 h TV viewing daily.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Wijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S.J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N.J., and Ekelund, U. (2011). Television viewing and incident cardiovascular disease: Prospective associations and mediation analysis in the EPIC Norfolk Study. PLoS One, 6. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
In the paper
“Sixty seven percent of older adults spend over 8.5 h of their waking day sitting or in low energy expenditure.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
“When objectively measured it is found that 67% of the population are sedentary for more than 8.5 h in their waking day.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“When objectively measured, only 33% of the population are sedentary for less than 8.5 h in their waking day.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Stamatakis, 2012, Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults, Prev. Med. source
plainn = 649- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · plain
In the paper
“Less than 10% of the average older adult uses a computer for more than 1.6hrs daily.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · hedged
“Computers are reportedly used by 65% of older adults with fewer than 10% of older adults using a computer for over 1.6 h daily.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“However, fewer than 10% of older adults report using a computer for over 1.6 h daily.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
plainn = 6,742- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · hedged
In the paper
“Hamer and Stamatakis [29] reported that 64.6% of older adults in the UK use a computer.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · hedged
“Computers are reportedly used by 65% of older adults with fewer than 10% of older adults using a computer for over 1.6 h daily.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Hamer, M., and Stamatakis, E. (2013). Screen-based sedentary behavior, physical activity and muscle strength in the English longitudinal study of ageing. PLoS One, 8. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Summary of Findings · hedged
In the paper
“Only Shields and Tremblay [21] reported TV viewing by age groups, in this instance 52.1% of individuals over the age of 75 years report over 2 h of TV watching compared to 46.9% in the 65–74 year group.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
In the paper
“Only Shields and Tremblay [21] reported TV viewing by age groups, in this instance 52.1% of individuals over the age of 75 years report over 2 h of TV watching compared to 46.9% in the 65–74 year group.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
In the paper
“The EPIC survey reported by tertiles and found that 32.5% reported TV viewing over 3.6 h per day [16].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Wijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S.J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N.J., and Ekelund, U. (2011). Television viewing and incident cardiovascular disease: Prospective associations and mediation analysis in the EPIC Norfolk Study. PLoS One, 6. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that sedentary behavior is very prevalent in older adults.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 5. Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There has been shown to be an association between sitting time and negative health outcomes, such as increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all causes of mortality [14,24,27,33].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Relevance of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Katzmarzyk, 2009, Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Chau, J.Y., Grunseit, A., Midthjell, K., Holmen, J, Holmen, T.L., Bauman, A.E., and van der Ploeg, H.P. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and risk of mortality from all-causes and cardiometabolic diseases in adults: Evidence from the HUNT3 population cohort. Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Stamatakis, 2012, Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults, Prev. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Matthews, 2012, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is little difference in sedentary behavior trends between genders and there is a slight increase in sedentary time in the age groups over 75, compared with 65–74, with the exception of computer use, although it is worth noting there is limited specific data on the oldest old across all populations.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“There is little difference between genders and there is a slight increase in the prevalence of sedentary activity with age, with the exception of computer use.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Summary of Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“It is noteworthy that Stamatakis et al. [27] also reports a better association with self-report sedentary behavior and cardio-metabolic risk markers of diabetes, over objective measurement (1.074, p < 0.01, compared to 1.095, p = 0.07).”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in Surveys
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Stamatakis, 2012, Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults, Prev. Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This method has some limitations for very high and very low prevalence.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.4. Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Barendregt, 2013, Meta-analysis of Prevalence, J. Epidemiol. Community Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies with low and high prevalence in a category tend to be given an overestimated weight [39].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.4. Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Barendregt, 2013, Meta-analysis of Prevalence, J. Epidemiol. Community Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a large difference between subjective and objective reporting of sedentary behavior.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in Surveys
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“TV viewing has also been well correlated with negative health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, mortality and being overweight or obese [16,19,22,30].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Relevance of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Wijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S.J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N.J., and Ekelund, U. (2011). Television viewing and incident cardiovascular disease: Prospective associations and mediation analysis in the EPIC Norfolk Study. PLoS One, 6. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Salmon, 2000, The association between television viewing and overweight among Australian adults participating in varying levels of leisure-time physical activity, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Inoue, 2012, Television viewing time is associated with overweight/obesity among older adults, independent of meeting physical activity and health guidelines, J. Epidemiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Bowman, 2006, Television-viewing characteristics of adults: Correlations to eating practices and overweight and health status, Prev. Chronic Dis.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, Matthews et al. [33] notes a stronger association with mortality and TV viewing than of reports of “overall sitting”.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in Surveys
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Matthews, 2012, Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in US adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is likely to be related to the validity of the recording instrument, as asking about overall sitting requires more cognitive processing than asking about TV viewing.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in Surveys
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is little difference in sedentary behavior trends between genders and there is a slight increase in sedentary time in the age groups over 75, compared with 65–74, with the exception of computer use, although it is worth noting there is limited specific data on the oldest old across all populations.”
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
“There is little difference between genders and there is a slight increase in the prevalence of sedentary activity with age, with the exception of computer use.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Summary of Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“23 reports covered data from 18 surveys sourced from seven countries.”
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Selection Process Results · plain
“The process of the review resulted in 23 reports of prevalence of sedentary behavior in older adults as illustrated in Figure 1.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.1. Selection Process Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For TV viewing time data were pooled from 9/10 surveys.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some papers included older adults as a group within a larger scale population study; some were specifically designed to describe the behavior of the older population.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is not a consistent definition of older adults in the included papers.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For total sitting time, the data were pooled from 7/9 surveys.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over 60 years and over 65 years are the most frequently occurring definitions.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this age group there was little difference in results whether the participants’ were asked to report weekday sitting and weekend sitting.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was noted that sedentary behavior is defined in different ways by each survey.”
- Also stated in: § 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation · plain
“Different measurement methods and categorizations were used to define sedentary behavior in the included studies.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3 Meta-Prevalence of sitting, N = 372,550 older adults, n = 7 from six countries, note time categories of <3 h (22%) and >3 h (78%) is equal to 100%.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
plainn = 372,550- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two surveys covered two surveys on computer use and one paper covered 1 survey on accelerometry.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Information Sources
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Screen time data was pooled from 3 studies for meta-prevalence.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The title review excluded 1,864 papers, the abstract review excluded 113 and the full text excluded 82, leaving 19 papers to be included for the study.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Selection Process Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was not sufficient data to carry out inverse variance on computer use or sedentary time by accelerometry, so they are presented and described as per the papers.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On average 61.5% females reported more than 4 h of sitting compared to males at 63.5% [3,17,18].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dogra, S., and Stathokostas, L. (2012). Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J. Aging Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Dunstan, 2010, Television viewing time and mortality: The Australian diabetes, obesity and lifestyle study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Banks, 2011, Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: Findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and up study, Public Health Nutr. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The electronic search returned a total of 2,343 papers (Medline: 732; AMED: 722; CINAHL: 888).”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Selection Process Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With TV viewing 13 papers, covering 10 surveys, nine of which were included in the meta-prevalence.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Information Sources
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As can be seen from Figure 2, there were 13 papers on sitting, covering nine surveys with seven studies used for the meta-prevalence.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Information Sources
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After removal of duplicated papers, 2,078 papers were reviewed.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Selection Process Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three papers covered three studies, all of which were included in the meta-prevalence for screen time.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Information Sources
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This method had been used in several papers and shown to have good reliability as a criterion measure [13].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.3. Methods of Data Presentation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Salmon, 2003, Physical activity and sedentary behavior: A population-based study of barriers, enjoyment, and preference, Health Psychol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, an emergence of research in sedentary behavior (SB) has indicated that SB is an independent health risk factor, separate to lack of PA, associated with successful aging, morbidity and mortality [2,3,4].”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for health independent to inactivity.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Katzmarzyk, 2010, Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and health: Paradigm paralysis or paradigm shift?, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dogra, S., and Stathokostas, L. (2012). Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J. Aging Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Thorp, 2011, Sedentary behaviors and subsequent health outcomes in adults, Am. J. Prev. Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Where conflicting opinions arose with regard to the inclusion decision the paper was included to the next phase for further consideration and excluded when there was agreement on the inclusion of said paper.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The papers were reviewed by three independent researchers using inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1).”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 2. Experimental Section > 2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The accelerometer employed in this case measures lack of counts of activity as sedentary, rather than sitting, thus there could potentially be some standing time included in this sedentary data.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in Surveys
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Stamatakis, 2012, Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults, Prev. Med. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The accelerometry data for older adults was based on a study of 649 and a single country, therefore perhaps not generalizable to the population.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.4. Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Stamatakis, 2012, Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults, Prev. Med. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Younger older adults use computers more than those over 74 years and the activity is more favored by males.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.4. Findings on Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] Shields, 2008, Screen time among Canadian adults: A profile, Health Rep.
plaincorrelationaln = 6,742- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Those individuals who are less sedentary tend to age more successfully and report better quality of life [3,25].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Relevance of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Dogra, S., and Stathokostas, L. (2012). Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J. Aging Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Balboa-Castillo, T., León-Muñoz, L.M., Graciani, A., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., and Guallar-Castillón, P. (2011). Longitudinal association of physical activity and sedentary behavior during leisure time with health-related quality of life in community-dwelling older adults. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 9. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TV viewing is also associated with other unhealthy habits such as consumption of unhealthy food and drinks or the influence of adverting to encourage these behaviors, therefore may also be a confounding factor with negative health effects of sitting [36].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Relevance of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Stamatakis, 2012, Sedentary time in relation to cardio-metabolic risk factors: Differential association for self-report vs. accelerometry in working age adults, Int. J. Epidemiol. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, association between sitting time and invasive breast cancer risk and risk of renal cell carcinoma has been specifically examined and significant independent association was not shown, although a weak correlation could not be ruled out [31,32].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Relevance of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] George, 2010, Beyond recreational physical activity: Examining occupational and household activity, transportation activity, and sedentary behavior in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer risk, Am. J. Public Health source
- Not checked yetcites [32] George, 2011, A prospective analysis of prolonged sitting time and risk of renal cell carcinoma among 300,000 older adults, Ann. Epidemiol. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the studies pooled had different categories of prevalence and while we only considered non overlapping categories it is possible that weighting might have been underestimated for some studies evaluating prevalence of larger categories of time.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.4. Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Self-report measures are known to have poor accuracy and lead to an underestimation of the strength of the relationship [37].”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in Surveys
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Celis-Morales, C.A., Perez-Bravo, F., Ibńez, L., Salas, C., Bailey, M.E.S., and Gill, J.M.R. (2012). Objective vs. self-report physical activity and sedentary time: Effects of measurement method on relationship with risk biomarkers. PLoS One, 7. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both screen time and TV time can be used as proxy measurements of sedentary behavior.”
§ Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Summary of Findings
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no published systematic reviews on the prevalence of sedentary behavior objectively measured in, or subjectively reported by, older adults.
“Currently, there are no published systematic reviews on the prevalence of sedentary behavior objectively measured in, or subjectively reported by, older adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior.
“TV viewing serves as a proxy for sedentary behavior, Figure 4 shows the meta-prevalence of TV viewing reported by older adults.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“exercise participation among older adults is low and in a number of older adults may be precluded or limited due to age-related co-morbidities, as well as social and environmental barriers [136–140].”
From Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function (2025) · cites this paper as [138]
Citations
Cites
The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., George, S. M., & Olson, R. D. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14854 · Cited by 9,755
Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects
Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W., & Ekelund, U. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60646-1 · Cited by 5,711 · cited 1×
“It is well known that physical activity (PA) is an influencing factor for healthy aging and lack of PA has been associated with chronic disease [1].”
BackgroundBarendregt, J. J., Doi, S. A., Lee, Y. Y., Norman, R. E., & Vos, T. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203104 · Cited by 2,169 · cited 1×
“Studies with low and high prevalence in a category tend to be given an overestimated weight [39].”
BackgroundLetter to the Editor: Standardized use of the terms “sedentary” and “sedentary behaviours”
Networ, S. B. R. (2012) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h2012-024 · Cited by 1,873
Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer
KATZMARZYK, P. T., CHURCH, T. S., CRAIG, C. L., & BOUCHARD, C. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181930355 · Cited by 1,611 · cited 5×
“Katzmarzyk et al. (2009) [14] 3,375 > 60 years/17,013 > 18 years Age and % men not known Data: Daily sitting in 5 time categories.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSedentary Behaviors and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Adults
Thorp, A. A., Owen, N., Neuhaus, M., & Dunstan, D. W. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.004 · Cited by 1,455
Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world
Heath, G. W., Parra, D. C., Sarmiento, O. L., Andersen, L. B., Owen, N., Goenka, S., Montes, F., & Brownson, R. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60816-2 · Cited by 1,199 · cited 1×
“Generally, the older adult section of society is underserved in physical activity and sedentary behavior research [6].”
BackgroundSalmon, J., Owen, N., Crawford, D., Bauman, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2003) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.2.178 · Cited by 915 · cited 1×
“This method had been used in several papers and shown to have good reliability as a criterion measure [13].”
MethodSitting time and all-cause mortality risk in 222,497 Australian adults
van der Ploeg, H. P. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2174 · Cited by 884 · cited 4×
“(2012) [20] 80,547 > 65 years/222,497 > 45 years Age Groups: 65–74 years, >75 years; ♂ 47.”
BackgroundInfluentialDunstan, D. W., Barr, E. L. M., Healy, G. N., Salmon, J., Shaw, J. E., Balkau, B., Magliano, D. J., Cameron, A. J., Zimmet, P. Z., & Owen, N. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.894824 · Cited by 825 · cited 9×
“Two included authors (Dunstan [17] and Banks [18]) provided further data sets to support their paper.”
BackgroundInfluential
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Young, D. R., Hivert, M.-F., Alhassan, S., Camhi, S. M., Ferguson, J. F., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Lewis, C. E., Owen, N., Perry, C. K., Siddique, J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000440 · Cited by 791
Mercer, K., Giangregorio, L., Schneider, E., Chilana, P., Li, M., & Grindrod, K. (2016) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4225 · Cited by 419
“Physical activity levels often decline with age and over two thirds of adults over the age of 60 sit for more than 8.5 hours of their waking day [1].”
InfluentialMeta‐analysis of the relationship between breaks in sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic health
Chastin, S. F. M., Egerton, T., Leask, C., & Stamatakis, E. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21180 · Cited by 363
“National surveys show that on average adults spend 6-10 h sitting each day (2,3).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationInterventions with potential to reduce sedentary time in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
Martin, A., Fitzsimons, C., Jepson, R., Saunders, D. H., van der Ploeg, H. P., Teixeira, P. J., Gray, C. M., & Mutrie, N. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094524 · Cited by 326
“24”
Behavior Change Techniques Present in Wearable Activity Trackers: A Critical Analysis
Mercer, K., Li, M., Giangregorio, L., Burns, C., & Grindrod, K. (2016) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4461 · Cited by 304
“For example, children who watch more than 2 hours of television a day have poorer body composition, physical fitness, self-esteem, prosocial behavior, and academic achievement [7].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Harvey, J., Chastin, S., & Skelton, D.
- Affiliations
- Glasgow Caledonian University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harvey, Juliet
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2013-12-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 6645-6661
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3881132
- OpenAlex
- W2006256354
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- sedentary behavior, older adults, prevalence, sitting time, screen time, television viewing, accelerometry, self-report, physical inactivity, health risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Sedentary Behavior, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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