Cited by 100Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineCorneal Surgery and Treatments3D Printing in Biomedical Research

Keeping an Eye on Decellularized Corneas: A Review of Methods, Characterization and Applications

Open access
Wilson, Samantha, Sidney, Laura, Dunphy, Siobhán, Rose, James, Hopkinson, Andrew·2013·Journal of Functional Biomaterials

Abstract

The worldwide limited availability of suitable corneal donor tissue has led to the development of alternatives, including keratoprostheses (Kpros) and tissue engineered (TE) constructs. Despite advances in bioscaffold design, there is yet to be a corneal equivalent that effectively mimics both the native tissue ultrastructure and biomechanical properties. Human decellularized corneas (DCs) could offer a safe, sustainable source of corneal tissue, increasing the donor pool and potentially reducing the risk of immune rejection after corneal graft surgery. Appropriate, human-specific, decellularization techniques and high-resolution, non-destructive analysis systems are required to ensure reproducible outputs can be achieved. If robust treatment and characterization processes can be developed, DCs could offer a supplement to the donor corneal pool, alongside superior cell culture systems for pharmacology, toxicology and drug discovery studies.

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Crossref · 10.3390/jfb4030114

Cites

258 of 258 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • TEM elucidates ultrastructural details of tissues, including fibril diameter, spacing, and collagen fibril organization, making it a critical technique for understanding native tissue architecture.

    “TEM elucidates ultrastructural details of tissues, including fibril diameter, spacing, and collagen fibril organization, establishing it as a critical technique for an in‐depth understanding of native tissue architecture.[ 94 ]”

    From Bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering: A review of decellularized extracellular matrix applications and innovations (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    Section 4.2.2, “Electron Microscopy,” says TEM reveals fibril diameter, interfibrillar spacing, and collagen fibril order, and calls it central to understanding corneal architecture. The source makes this point specifically about corneal tissue; the citing sentence extends it to native tissue architecture generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • OCT eliminates the need for fluorescent labeling, is relatively inexpensive compared to confocal and multiphoton techniques, and is well-suited for scanning decellularized tissues, facilitating non-destructive, rapid, sterile, in situ, real-time studies.

    “OCT, eliminating the need for fluorescent labeling of tissues and being relatively inexpensive compared to confocal and multiphoton techniques, is well‐suited for scanning decellularized tissues and facilitates non‐destructive, rapid, sterile, in situ, real‐time studies.[ 94 ]”

    From Bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering: A review of decellularized extracellular matrix applications and innovations (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    Section 4.2.5 says OCT needs no fluorescent labeling, is relatively inexpensive, and allows fast, sterile, non-destructive, in situ, real-time investigation. It calls OCT suitable for monitoring decellularized corneas, but does not extend that suitability to decellularized tissues generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Standard optical microscopy permits direct scaffold observation; however, its lower resolution restricts observation of microstructural details.

    “Standard optical microscopy, which is frequently employed for structural and morphological analysis, permits direct scaffold observation; however, its lower resolution restricts observation of microstructural details.”
  • Histological and immunohistochemical staining are commonly used image-based techniques, but fixation, labeling, and processing steps may be destructive, potentially distorting cellular expression and tissue architecture, and tend to provide information for a limited tissue area.

    “Histological and immunohistochemical staining are commonly used image‐based techniques. However, the fixation, labeling, and processing steps may be destructive, potentially distorting cellular expression and tissue architecture, and tend to provide information for a limited tissue area.”
  • Maurice and colleagues initially employed X-rays to investigate collagen fiber arrangement in corneal tissues, enabling quantification of orientation and content across the cornea and limbus, with changes detected via X-ray scattering patterns.

    “Maurice and colleagues initially employed X‐rays to investigate structural features pertaining to the arrangement of collagen fibers in corneal tissues, enabling the quantification of the orientation and content of collagen fibers across the cornea and limbus, with changes in fiber arrangement being readily detected via X‐ray scattering patterns.[ 94 , 105 , 111 ]”

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Cites

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5 of the 263 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. [31]Netland P.A. Terada H. Dohlman C.H. Glaucoma associated with keratoprosthesis Ophthalmology 1998 105 751 757 9544652
  2. [92]Dejardin L.M. Arnoczky S.P. Clarke R.B. Use of small intestinal submucosal implants for regeneration of large fascial defects: An experimental study in dogs J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1999 46 203 211 10379998
  3. [162]Maurice D.M. Mechanics of the cornea The cornea: Transactions of the World Congress on the Cornea III Cavanagh H.D. Raven Press Ltd New York, NY, USA 1988 Volume 8 187
  4. [249]Reichl S. Muller-Goymann C.C. Development of an organotypical cornea construct as an in vitro model for permeation studies Ophthalmologe 2001 98 853 858 11594225

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Authors
Wilson, S., Sidney, L., Dunphy, S., Rose, J., & Hopkinson, A.
Affiliations
University of Nottingham (GB)
Corresponding author
Hopkinson, Andrew
Venue
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2013-07-10
Volume
4
Issue
3
Pages
114-161
ISSN
2079-4983 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2149410257
Cited by
100
References
263
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
5.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Functional Biomaterials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/I017801/1)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Corneal Surgery and Treatments
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
Keywords
corneal tissue engineering, bioscaffolds, decellularization methods, immune rejection, corneal graft, corneal biomechanics, corneal ultrastructure, drug discovery

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