Dietary Patterns and Weight Status in Italian Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children
Open accessAbstract
Atypical eating habits are more common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) than typically developing (TD) peers. Feeding problems may lead to the double burden of specific nutrient deficiencies and excessive weight gain, with a consequent increase in obesity prevalence. The dietary intake of Italian preschoolers with ASD compared to their TD peers and the impact of their dietary choices on their weight status and relationship to food selectivity (FS) were investigated. Dietary patterns and their associations with body mass index (BMI) were evaluated in 65 children with ASD and 82 peers with TD aged 1.3-6.4 years. Eating habits were assessed with a modified version of a parent-rated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Moreover, the prevalence of FS and possible links with dietary patterns and BMI were investigated in the ASD group. Children with ASD consumed significantly higher amounts of simple sugars, processed and ultra-processed carbohydrates, both low- and high-fat animal proteins, and lower amounts of vegetables and fruits compared to peers with TD. The obesity rate was 1.5% in children with TD and more than fourfold (6.2%) in children with ASD, although the difference between groups was not statistically significant. FS was significantly more frequent in children with ASD than in peers with TD. Children with ASD and FS showed significantly lower annual intakes of vegetable proteins and fiber (considered essential nutrients for a healthy diet) than children with ASD without FS. Our results showed that children with ASD showed different dietary habits than those with TD, with the higher consumption of energy-dense foods and lower amounts of food-sourced fibers, which could place them at increased risk to develop overweight, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies later in life.
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Raspini et al. found preschoolers with ASD consumed more soft drinks, sweetened fruit juices, and snacks than age-matched typically developing peers.
“A further study conducted by Raspini et al. indicated that preschoolers diagnosed with ASD consumed a greater quantity of soft drinks, sweetened fruit juices, and snacks (including cookies, puddings, crackers, breadsticks, fried fish, and French fries) than age-matched peers with TD.”
From Unraveling the Connections: Eating Issues, Microbiome, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Raspini, B., Prosperi, M., Guiducci, L., Santocchi, E., Tancredi, R., Calderoni, S., Morales, M. A., Morelli, M., Simione, M., Fiechtner, L., Muratori, F., & Cena, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Pavia (IT)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IT)
- Fondazione Stella Maris (IT)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calderoni, Sara
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4039
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8617730
- OpenAlex
- W3214537247
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11
- FWCI
- 6.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ricerca Corrente, and the “5x1000” voluntary contributions, Italian Ministry of Health (2763768 and 2968569)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K23HD090222)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, preschool children, dietary habits, picky eating, childhood obesity, body mass index, ultra-processed foods, dietary fiber, micronutrient deficiency, Italian children
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Diet, Healthy, Nutrients, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Fruit, Humans, Infant, Italy, Male, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vegetables, Body Mass Index, Growth and Development
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