Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Technology in E-Health

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Integrating blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies can make a significant difference in healthcare by promoting a generalizable analytical technology that can be integrated into a more comprehensive risk management approach.

“In this review, we focused on various aspects of blockchain and artificial intelligence and also discussed about integrating both technologies for making a significant difference in healthcare by promoting the implementation of a generalizable analytical technology that can be integrated into a more comprehensive risk management approach.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies are novel innovations in the healthcare sector.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Blockchain enables the storage of cryptographic records, which AI needs.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The health informatics techniques underlying budgeting, personnel, patients, legal disputes, logistics, supplies, and other procedures and medical workflows are often made up of a sequence of conditional steps that can be visualized as a series of repeated patient-care activities.

“The health informatics technique underlying budgeting, personnel, patients, legal disputes, logistics, supplies, and other procedures and medical workflows are often made up of a sequence of conditional steps that can be visualized as a series of repeated patient-care activities (Alotaibi and Federico 2017).”

• cites Alotaibi and Federico 2017Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

By integrating the latest advances of blockchain and AI, the medical system will have improved service efficiency, reduced costs, and democratized healthcare.

“Thus, by integrating the latest advances of these technologies, the medical system will have improved service efficiency, reduced costs, and democratized healthcare.”

• Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain

  “Thus, by integrating the latest advances of these technologies, the medical system will have improved service efficiency, reduced costs, and democratized healthcare.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Blockchain and artificial intelligence technologies are novel innovations in the healthcare sector.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Blockchain enables the storage of cryptographic records, which AI needs.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI uses large quantities of data.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For repurposing marketed medications, researching the effectiveness of medication formulations, and dose measurement, clinical trial data was monitored using numerical drug design methods and AI.

“For repurposing marketed medications, researching the effectiveness of medication formulations, and dose measurement, clinical trial data was monitored using numerical drug design methods and AI (Cha et al. 2018).”

• cites Cha et al. 2018Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Blo CHIE is a blockchain-oriented healthcare knowledge-sharing network that evaluates criteria for exchanging health care data, specifically personal health data and electronic medical reports, and integrates blockchains within various sources.

“Blo CHIE, a specific blockchain-oriented healthcare knowledge-sharing network, was created by Singh and Kim (2018), and the proposed platform evaluates the criteria for the exchange of health care data, specifically for personal health data and electronic medical reports, and discusses numerous other types of data by integrating blockchains within various sources.”

• cites Singh and Kim (2018)Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Artificial intelligence could help identify and prioritize individual patients for drug monitoring and growth, which is critical for managed drug production and shorter timelines.

“For example, artificial intelligence (AI) could help identify and prioritize individual patients for drug monitoring and growth, critical for managed drug production and shorter timelines (Paul et al. 2021).”

• cites Paul et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only a few points are demonstrating AI's maturity level.

“Only a few points are demonstrating AI’s maturity level (Akkiraju et al. 2020).”

• cites Akkiraju et al. 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible to significantly increase the implementation of blockchain technologies to exchange medical records, anonymity, and protection between clinical professionals and healthcare institutions.

“It is possible to significantly increase the implementation of blockchain technologies to exchange medical records, anonymity, and protection between clinical professionals and healthcare institutions (Andoni et al. 2019).”

• cites Andoni et al. 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Blockchain technology may be an appropriate and well-suited solution in comprehensive medical care procedures, such as chronic conditions (e.g., cancer), surgical interventions, and aging.

“It can be remembered that blockchain technology may be an appropriate and well-suited solution in comprehensive medical care procedures, such as chronic conditions (e.g., cancer), surgical interventions, and aging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Counterfeit prescription drugs cause tens of thousands of fatalities each year, especially in poor countries.

“This is a severe problem for the industry, especially in poor countries, where counterfeit prescription drugs cause tens of thousands of fatalities each year (Edwin et al. 2017).”

• cites Edwin et al. 2017Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of remote monitoring solutions, in which sensors detecting patients' vital signs give healthcare practitioners better visibility into patients' health and enable more proactive and preventative care, is one of the largest developments in digital health.

“The use of remote monitoring solutions, in which all types of sensors detecting patients’ vital signs are utilized to help give healthcare practitioners better visibility into patients’ health, enabling more proactive and preventative care, is one of the largest developments in digital health (Khan and Byun 2020).”

• cites Khan and Byun 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Electronic health records are never generated between various organizations to manage lifelong records, and individuals leave their data fragmented between several institutions when life circumstances isolate them from the data of one provider through another, so they lose simple access to past data.

“Even so, electronic health records (EHRs) are never generated between various organizations to manage lifelong records, and individuals leave their data fragmented between several institutions when life circumstances isolate them from the data of one provider through another; therefore, they lose simple access to past data (Rallapalli 2016).”

• cites Rallapalli 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Proactive aging is a blockchain-based network that helps promote aging people's active living.

“Proactive aging (Brandon et al. 1991), on the other side, is a blockchain-based network that helps promote aging people’s active living.”

• cites Brandon et al. 1991Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

MedRec operates on a decentralized basis for maintaining data and claims and provides patients with a complete, permanent background, providing quick and easy access to their particular clinical documents through multiple providers and care institutions.

“It operates on a decentralized basis for maintaining data and claims and provides patients with a complete, permanent background, providing quick and easy access to their particular clinical documents through multiple providers and care institutions (Scekic et al. 2019).”

• cites Scekic et al. 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dermonet is a blockchain-based form of online dermatological consulting with a teledermatology surveillance device to assist patients with dermatology.

“Another report proposed Dermonet, a blockchain-based form of online dermatological consulting with a teledermatology surveillance device to assist patients with dermatology (Mannaro et al. 2017).”

• cites Mannaro et al. 2017Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The usage of blockchain innovation would promote better access to treatment, monitoring of medical records, timely confirmation of clinical knowledge, enhanced surveillance, and more productive organization of care.

“Consequently, the usage of blockchain innovation would promote better access to treatment, monitoring of medical records (Mandl 2001), and timely confirmation of clinical knowledge, enhanced surveillance, and more productive organization of care.”

• cites Mandl 2001Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Blockchain access and modification attempts can be easily labeled and remembered, which is useful for the integrity of patients and identifies criminal activities including wholesale fraud or record adulteration.

“All in the blockchain, any access or modification attempt can be easily labeled and remembered. This is useful for the integrity of patients and identifies any criminal activities, including wholesale fraud or record adulteration (Evans 1993).”

• cites Evans 1993Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The blockchain's decentralized existence allows it to store every form of record, such as healthcare, banking, and supply chains, wherever authenticity and audit capability are essential.

“The blockchain’s decentralized existence allows it to store every form of record, such as healthcare, banking, and supply chains, wherever authenticity, authenticity, and audit capability are essential (González et al. 2015; Schechtman 2019).”

• cites González et al. 2015Not checked yet

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• cites Schechtman 2019Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Security is a challenge with blockchain adoption: malicious software can use security flaws to create decentralized applications based on the built blockchain, and malicious attacks take advantage of security flaws in smart contract implementation to aid other crimes like identity theft and data theft.

“Security | Malicious software can use security flaws to create decentralized applications based on the built blockchain.These malicious attacks take advantage of security flaws in smart contract implementation to aid other crimes like identity theft and data theft.”

• cites Liang et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The storage and management of medical details need a consistent concept of access control, authentication, and immutability of data information to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and reliability of health documents and health reports.

“The storage and management of medical details need a consistent concept of access control, authentication, and immutability of data information to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and reliability of health documents and health reports that contain all wearable sensor results and service facilities’ patient treatment records (Dwivedi et al. 2019).”

• cites Dwivedi et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Blockchain offers a trustless mechanism that creates a network of open networks where a community of non-trusting individuals can cooperate and conduct business without approval from third parties and provides a shared data archive where any peer holds a copy of mirrored data.

“Blockchain offers a trustless mechanism that creates a network of open networks where a community of non-trusting individuals can cooperate and conduct business without approval from third parties and provides a shared data archive, where any peer in the network holds a copy of mirrored data, rather than hierarchical records management of transactions processing (De Filippi et al. 2020).”

• cites De Filippi et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

In a scenario with many organizations operating a few nodes each, it is incredibly doubtful that more than 50% of the nodes would intentionally consent to compromise the blockchain data, making this the most efficient model.

“In this scenario, many organizations operating a few nodes each is the most efficient model because it is incredibly doubtful that more than 50% of the nodes would intentionally consent to compromise the blockchain data (Nakamoto 2018).”

• cites Nakamoto 2018Not checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Privacy is a challenge: the main challenge in protecting patient data privacy is to present a framework for data privacy and integrity on a blockchain-based EHR that leverages cryptographic methods.

“Privacy | The main challenge in protecting patient data privacy is to present a framework for data privacy and integrity on a blockchain-based EHR that leverages cryptographic methods.”

• cites Liang et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blockchain technology has consequences regarding the location of blockchain data information.

“Blockchain technology, though, has its share of consequences regarding the location of blockchain data information (Gole and Lakshminarayana 2020).”

• cites Gole and Lakshminarayana 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Connecting Care is a blockchain-based record-sharing platform accessible in several English cities.

“Similarly, Connecting Care (Nugent et al. 2016) is a blockchain-based record-sharing platform accessible in several English cities.”

• cites Nugent et al. 2016 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Blockchain technology comes with a number of challenges that have slowed deployment, including scalability, restricted interoperability, a scarcity of blockchain developers, insufficient standards, high energy consumption, and a lack of regulatory certainty.

“However, the technology comes with a number of challenges that have slowed deployment, including scalability, restricted interoperability, a scarcity of blockchain developers, insufficient standards, high energy consumption, and a lack of regulatory certainty (Agbo et al. 2019).”

• cites Agbo et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI produces a personalized environment for a particular customer, whether it applies to drug adherence or is merely a positive voice that promotes wellness routines and healthier behaviors and delivers constructive reminders that can be sent back to clinicians.

“As a personal life coach, AI produces a personalized environment for and particular customer, whether it applies to drug adherence or is merely a positive voice that promotes wellness routines and healthier behaviors and delivers constructive reminders that can be sent back to clinicians”

• cites Burki 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

IBM Watson would provide cancer patients with proof guidelines for the medication in oncology.

“In oncology, IBM Watson would provide cancer patients with proof guidelines for the medication”

• cites Zou et al. 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In chatbot counselling, the dependence on mental healthcare chatbots does not have the reciprocity and transparency of treatment that should occur in the partnership between the mental healthcare patients and the healthcare professional.

“In chatbot counselling, another use of artificial intelligence is that the dependence on mental healthcare chatbots does not have the reciprocity and transparency of treatment that should occur in the partnership between the mental healthcare patients and the healthcare professional”

• Also stated in: § Applications of AI in healthcare · hedged

  “In chat-bot counseling, another use of artificial intelligence is some scholars claim that the dependence on mental healthcare chat-bots does not have the reciprocity and transparency of treatment that should occur in the partnership between the mental healthcare patients and the healthcare professional”

• cites Patcas et al. 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Hosny et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Interoperability is a challenge: because of the absence of interoperability, mass adoption may be nearly impossible.

“Interoperability | The capacity to transmit, analyze, and deal with the allocation across different blockchain networks without the use of an intermediary or central authority is referred to as blockchain interoperability. Because of the absence of interoperability, mass adoption may be nearly impossible.”

• cites Al et al. 2019Not checked yet

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• cites Wang and Song 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

IBM Watson accurately detected a rare form of leukemia in a 60-year-old lady.

“Watson, IBM’s intellectual supercomputer, accurately detected a rare form of leukemia in a 60-year-old lady.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Medical Sieve was developed to aid clinical decision-making in cardiology and radiology.

“Medical Sieve, a tool designed to aid clinical decision-making in cardiology and radiology, was also developed”

• cites Abujamous et al. 2018Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Scalability is a challenge: lack of scalability and higher overhead or computational resources in IoMT devices may increase the blockchain infrastructure's total processing requirements, and when many smart devices or sensors are present, the problem becomes even more challenging because these devices' computing capabilities are less than that of a typical computer.

“Scalability | Lack of scalability is another challenge and higher overhead or computational resources in IoMT devices.As a result of this challenge, the blockchain infrastructure’s total processing requirements may be increased.When a large number of smart devices or sensors are present, the problem becomes even more challenging because these devices’ computing capabilities are less than that of a”

• cites Al et al. 2019Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Healthcare AI provides the chance to help doctors find new choices for therapy, diagnose cancer early, and engage patients.

“Healthcare AI provides the chance to help doctors find new choices for therapy, diagnose cancer early, and engage patients”

• cites Ahuja 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Individuals with low risk have 10% or less CHD risk at 10 years, with intermediate risk 10-20%, and with high risk 20% or more.

“Individuals with low risk have 10% or less CHD risk at 10 years, with intermediate risk 10–20%, and with high risk 20% or more.”

• cites Nakhaie et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Damen et al. 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The platform will be ready to assume an active position in health treatment if its error margins are fewer than or comparable to its human peers.

“The platform will be ready to assume an active position in health treatment if its error margins are fewer than or comparable to its human peers”

• cites Ilinca 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

QRISK3 is a prediction algorithm and use for cardiovascular disease (CVD).

“QRISK3 | Prediction algorithm and use for cardiovascular disease (CVD)”

• cites Ho et al. 2021Not checked yet

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• cites Laight 2018Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

As most AI platforms are centralized and need extensive processing resources, patient details will reside in the provider's data centers or portions.

“As most AI platforms are centralized and need extensive processing resources, patient details will reside in the provider’s data centers or portions.”

• cites Ilinca 2020Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

This would cause data protection issues and severe damage if the system was violated.

“This would cause data protection issues and severe damage if the system was violated”

• cites Ilinca 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There can be civil and financial sanctions for any infringement or inability to uphold its credibility.

“There can be civil and financial sanctions for any infringement or inability to uphold its credibility”

• cites Nakamoto 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Framingham risk score is a gender-specific algorithm and used to estimate the 10-year cardiovascular risk of an individual.

“Framingham risk score | It is a gender-specific algorithm and used to estimate the 10-year cardiovascular risk of an individual.”

• cites Nakhaie et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Damen et al. 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Patients with a low ABCD2 score referred to cerebrovascular services are more prone to have a noncerebrovascular diagnosis than those with a higher score.

“Patients with a low ABCD2 score referred to cerebrovascular services are more prone to have a noncerebrovascular diagnosis than those with a higher score.”

• cites Galvin et al. 2011 & Uchiyama et al. 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumor, the number of involved lymph nodes, and the grade of the tumor.

“Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumor, the number of involved lymph nodes, and the grade of the tumor.”

• cites Gray et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites McInnes et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

QRISK3 combines traditional risk factors such as age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total serum cholesterol to elevated lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with body mass index, ethnicity, deprivation measures, family history, chronic kidney disease, muscular dystrophy, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, and antihypertensive treatment.

“QRISK3 combines traditional risk factors such as age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and total serum cholesterol to elevated lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with body mass index, ethnicity, deprivation measures, family history, chronic kidney disease, muscular dystrophy, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, and antihypertensive treatment.”

• cites Ho et al. 2021Not checked yet

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• cites Laight 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MELD score uses a patient's laboratory values for serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the international normalized ratio (INR) for prothrombin time to predict 3-month survival.

“MELD score uses a patient’s laboratory values for serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the international normalized ratio (INR) for prothrombin time to predict 3-month survival.”

• cites Hamilton et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Goldberg et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

XNAT was developed for neuroimaging research.

“XNAT | Developed for neuroimaging research.”

• cites Khvastova et al. 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ABCD2 is increasingly being used to stratify referrals to fast-track clinics.

“ABCD2 is increasingly being used to stratify referrals to fast-track clinics.”

• cites Galvin et al. 2011 & Uchiyama et al. 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MELD score is a prospectively developed and validated chronic liver disease severity scoring system.

“MELD score | It is a prospectively developed and validated chronic liver disease severity scoring system”

• cites Hamilton et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Goldberg et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nottingham Prognostic Index is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer.

“Nottingham Prognostic Index | Used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer.”

• cites Gray et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites McInnes et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In patients with cirrhosis, an increasing MELD score is associated with increasing severity of hepatic dysfunction and increased 3-month mortality risk.

“In patients with cirrhosis, an increasing MELD score is associated with increasing severity of hepatic dysfunction and increased 3-month mortality risk.”

• cites Hamilton et al. 2018Not checked yet

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• cites Goldberg et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

XNAT anonymize any datasets of medical imaging data.

“XNAT anonymize any datasets of medical imaging data.”

• cites Khvastova et al. 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MELD, which relies solely on objective factors, was later proven as a reliable predictor of survival in various groups of patients with advanced liver disease.

“The MELD, which relies solely on objective factors, was later proven as a reliable predictor of survival in various groups of patients with advanced liver disease”

• cites Yip et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

BOILED-Egg is a simple method for predicting two important ADME characteristics at the same time: passive gastrointestinal absorption and blood-brain barrier (BBB).

“BOILED-Egg is a simple method for predicting two important ADME characteristics at the same time: passive gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier (BBB)”

• cites Daina and Zoete 2016Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The MELD score has been chiefly used in the allocation of organs for liver transplantation.

“The MELD score has been chiefly used in the allocation of organs for liver transplantation”

• cites Sacleux and Samuel 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

QRISK®2 is adequate for a transition time, but QRISK®3 is superior.

“QRISK®2 is adequate for a transition time, but QRISK®3 is superior”

• cites Hippisley-Cox et al. 2017Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

SwissADME's strong points include, but are not limited to, multiple input methods, computation for numerous molecules, and the ability to display, save, and share results per individual.

“SwissADME’s strong points include, but are not limited to, multiple input methods, computation for numerous molecules, and the ability to display, save, and share results per individual”

• cites Daina et al. 2017 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Swiss ADME is part of the Swiss Drug Design program and driven by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics.

“Swiss ADME is part of the Swiss Drug Design program and driven by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics”

• cites Daina and Zoete 2019Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The QRISK®3 algorithm is a validated risk-stratification tool that determines a person's chances of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years.

“The QRISK®3 algorithm is a validated risk-stratification tool that determines a person’s chances of having a heart attack or stroke in the next 10 years.”

• cites Ho et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Given its accuracy in predicting short-term survival among patients with cirrhosis, MELD was initially adopted by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) in 2002 for prioritization of patients awaiting liver transplantation in the USA.

“Given its accuracy in predicting short-term survival among patients with cirrhosis, MELD was initially adopted by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) in 2002 for prioritization of patients awaiting liver transplantation in the USA”

• cites Jung et al. 2008Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MELD was developed to predict survival in patients with portal hypertension problems undergoing elective transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt installation.

“The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict survival in patients with portal hypertension problems undergoing elective transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt installation”

• cites Kamath et al. 2001Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MELD score also used to determine the best treatment for individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma who are not candidates for liver transplantation and identify patients for surgery other than liver transplantation.

“MELD score also used to determine the best treatment for individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma who are not candidates for liver transplantation and identify patients for surgery other than liver transplantation”

• cites Hamilton et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It estimates ADME, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry friendliness of a small molecule output of any computer-aided drug designing (CADD) process.

“It estimates ADME, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry friendliness of a small molecule output of any computer-aided drug designing (CADD) process”

• cites Gfeller et al. 2014Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to the Radiology Community of North America, the emphasis on artificial intelligence in radiology has steadily increased over the years, where they have observed development from 0 to 3, and a total 10% of the overall publishing AI has been capable of serving well enough for identifying anomalies and measuring progress over time by imaging in oncology, two main influences in oncological

“According to the Radiology Community of North America, the emphasis on artificial intelligence in radiology has steadily increased over the years, where they have observed development from 0 to 3, and a total 10% of the overall publishing AI has been capable of serving well enough for identifying anomalies and measuring progress over time by imaging in oncology, two main influences in oncological”

• cites Bai et al. 2020Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

NPI approach categorizes early and locally advanced breast cancer instances into three or more prognostic groups (TNM stages I, II, and III).

“NPI approach categorizes early and locally advanced breast cancer instances into three or more prognostic groups (TNM stages I, II, and III)”

• cites Durrani et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) is a straightforward clinic-pathological prognostic tool for breast cancer risk stratification.

“The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) is a straightforward clinic-pathological prognostic tool for breast cancer risk stratification”

• cites Abubakar et al. 2021Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Computerized tomography (CT) and MRI scanning are researching AI in radiology to identify and treat illness in patients.

“Computerized tomography (CT) and MRI scanning are researching AI in radiology to identify and treat illness in patients”

• cites Hosny et al. 2018 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The NPI is beneficial in economic evaluations as well as providing predictive estimations for specific patients.

“The NPI is beneficial in economic evaluations as well as providing predictive estimations for specific patients.”

• cites Gray et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

NPI plays an active role in clinical practice and research, even though more advanced models have overtaken it in some applications.

“NPI plays an active role in clinical practice and research, even though more advanced models have overtaken it in some applications.”

• cites Vander et al. 2017Not checked yet

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Overall survival is a significant input for decision-analytic models used to assess additional costs and benefits and determine whether and how to allocate finite healthcare expenditures to new screening and management options in the economic evaluation of novel therapies.

“Overall survival is a significant input for decision-analytic models used to assess additional costs and benefits and determine whether and how to allocate finite healthcare expenditures to new screening and management options in the economic evaluation of novel therapies”

• cites Gray et al. 2018Not checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A clinical testing instrument is used outside of a hospital setting for people at high risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack, which recognizes the importance of diabetes in rating risk of strokes.

“A clinical testing instrument is used outside of a hospital setting for people at high risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack, which recognizes the importance of diabetes in rating risk of strokes”

• cites Galvin et al. 2011 & Uchiyama et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

XNAT is one of the most widely used open-source informatics platforms for imaging research.

“The extensible neuroimaging archive toolkit (XNAT) is one of the most widely used open-source informatics platforms for imaging research”

• cites Timón et al. 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

XNAT will accelerate the creation of AI models by providing an end-to-end development platform, enabling faster collaborations.

“it will accelerate the creation of AI models by providing an end-to-end development platform, enabling faster collaborations”

• cites Timón et al. 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When clinical trials are not likely to be possible or timely in delivering robust evidence of the impact of introducing new programs or adjusting existing programs, decision-analytic models play a critical role in evaluating novel technologies.

“When clinical trials are not likely to be possible or timely in delivering robust evidence of the impact of introducing new programs or adjusting existing programs, decision-analytic models play a critical role in evaluating novel technologies”

• cites McInnes et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In clinical practice, NPI and related prognostic models help patients and clinicians decide whether or not to have adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery.

“In clinical practice, NPI and related prognostic models help patients and clinicians decide whether or not to have adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery”

• cites Vander et al. 2017Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI implementations are currently in a proof-of-concept phase; chatbots that mimic human actions and are tested for depression and anxiety are fields where the evidence is increasingly expanding.

“AI implementations are currently in a proof-of-concept phase; chatbots that mimic human actions and are tested for depression and anxiety are fields where the evidence is increasingly expanding.”

• cites Agbo et al. 2019 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Latest developments have proposed using AI to describe and measure the result of maxillo-facial operation or cleft palate treatment in terms of facial beauty or presentation of age.

“Latest developments have proposed using AI to describe and measure the result of maxillo-facial operation or cleft palate treatment in terms of facial beauty or presentation of age”

• cites Azaria et al. 2016Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

It was learned that ANN was smarter and could identify diabetes and CVD more correctly.

“It was learned that ANN was smarter and could identify diabetes and CVD more correctly”

• cites Fan et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The growth of telemedicine, the virtual diagnosis of clinicians, has seen the rise of potential AI applications.

“The growth of telemedicine, the virtual diagnosis of clinicians, has seen the rise of potential AI applications.”

• cites Pianykh et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An essay was revealed that for a range of different disorders, such as help vector machines, machine learning, and logistic regression, many forms of AI strategies have been used.

“An essay was revealed that for a range of different disorders, such as help vector machines, machine learning, and logistic regression, many forms of AI strategies have been used.”

• cites Liang et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reports on the use of X-ray for COVID-19 diagnosis have been mixed.

“However, reports on the use of X-ray for COVID-19 diagnosis have been mixed.”

• cites Chen et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other sources identify X-ray as an insensitive test.

“Other sources identify X-ray as an insensitive test”

• cites Chen et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A wearable interface may allow a person to be continuously watched and the opportunity to detect adjustments that may be less humanly differentiated.

“A wearable interface may allow a person to be continuously watched and the opportunity to detect adjustments that may be less humanly differentiated.”

• cites Pianykh et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI has been used in primary care to facilitate decision-making, statistical modeling, and market analytics.

“AI has been used in primary care to facilitate decision-making, statistical modeling, and market analytics.”

• cites Liang et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Omer Adir et al. has reported that the use of artificial intelligence in nanomedicine design increases therapeutic efficacy by optimizing material properties based on predicted interaction with the target drug, biological fluids, immune system, vascular system, and cell membrane.

“Omer Adir et al.(Adir et al. 2020) has reported that the use of artificial intelligence in nanomedicine design increases therapeutic efficacy by optimizing material properties based on predicted interaction with the target drug, biological fluids, immune system, vascular system, and cell membrane”

• cites Adir et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

AI can distinguish hit and lead compounds, allowing for faster therapeutic target validation and structural design optimization.

“AI can distinguish hit and lead compounds, allowing for faster therapeutic target validation and structural design optimization.”

• cites Zhu 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Artificial intelligence may help to take care of elderly populations as the mean age has increased due to extended life expectancy.

“Artificial intelligence may help to take care of elderly populations as the mean age has increased due to extended life expectancy.”

• cites Patcas et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In the test dataset consisting of 6716 cases (86 cancer-positives) from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), this model achieved an AUC of 94.4% for lung cancer-risk prediction, which is considered to be a state-of-the-art performance.

“In the test dataset consisting of 6716 cases (86 cancer-positives) from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), this model achieved an AUC of 94.4% for lung cancer-risk prediction, which is considered to be a state-of-the-art performance.”

• cites Ardila et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Despite its benefits, AI has substantial data difficulties, including its scale, growth, diversity, and ambiguity.

“Despite its benefits, AI has substantial data difficulties, including its scale, growth, diversity, and ambiguity”

• cites Zhu 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The AI system outperformed all of the human readers in their analysis of six radiologists: the AI system's area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) was 11.5%>normal radiologist's AUC-ROC.

“The AI system outperformed all of the human readers in their analysis of six radiologists: the AI system’s area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) was 11.5%>normal radiologist’s AUC-ROC.”

• cites McKinney et al. 2020 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data may be linked to other data already gathered using algorithms of artificial intelligence that warn doctors if there are any problems to be informed of.

“The data may be linked to other data already gathered using algorithms of artificial intelligence that warn doctors if there are any problems to be informed of”

• cites Pianykh et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

QSAR modeling methods, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVMs), random forest (RF), and decision trees, have been used to identify prospective drug candidates and have evolved into AI-based QSAR approaches can use that to speed up QSAR analysis.

“QSAR modeling methods, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVMs), random forest (RF), and decision trees, have been used to identify prospective drug candidates and have evolved into AI-based QSAR approaches can use that to speed up QSAR analysis”

• cites Zhang 2017 & Jain 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Instruments such as culture and human sensors will detect the daily behaviors of an individual and warn a caretaker whether an irregular activity or a calculated vital is abnormal.

“Instruments such as culture and human sensors will detect the daily behaviors of an individual and warn a caretaker whether an irregular activity or a calculated vital is abnormal”

• cites Patcas et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

An AI-based algorithm for accurately detecting, grading, and evaluating clinically relevant findings in digitized slides of prostate CNBs was developed, externally clinically validated, and deployed in clinical practice.

“An AI-based algorithm for accurately detecting, grading, and evaluating clinically relevant findings in digitized slides of prostate CNBs was developed, externally clinically validated, and deployed in clinical practice.”

• cites Pantanowitz et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Blockchain and AI are being used to disseminate data over a decentralized network and allow organizations to make the most of new symptoms and instances for lung cancer patients without jeopardizing privacy.

“To disseminate data over a decentralized network, blockchain and artificial intelligence are being used and allow organizations to make the most of new symptoms and instances for lung cancer patients without jeopardizing their privacy concerns.”

• cites Kumar et al. 2021Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While blockchain can ensure safety and integrity, adding AI capabilities to the health sector can be beneficial.

“While blockchain can ensure safety and integrity, adding AI capabilities to the health sector can be beneficial.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI can perform at least as well as humans in detecting anomalies in X-rays and CT scans.

May combine two claims.

Applications of blockchain and AI in cardiovascular medicine are still in their early stages, and there are reservations regarding their implementation.

“However, such applications are still in their early stages, and there are some reservations regarding their implementation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Using blockchain as the backbone for a network of sensors coupled to AI forecasts cardiovascular disease.

“Using blockchain as the backbone for a network of sensors coupled to AI forecasts cardiovascular disease.”

May combine two claims.

It ensures that the data is recorded as it happens, and this is then shared analogously to deliver improved patient outcomes.

“It ensures that the data is recorded as it happens, and this is then shared analogously to deliver improved patient outcomes”

• cites Khezr et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Most critical analyses and implementations use responsible third parties (e.g., cloud computing) and blockchain for on-chain storage to manage vast quantities of secure original information and overcome computing, storage, and privacy issues.

“Most critical analyses and implementations use the framework to manage vast quantities of secure original information utilizing responsible third parties (e.g., cloud computing) and blockchain for on-chain storage to overcome these issues (Jennath et al. 2020).”

• cites Jennath et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

According to Accenture, crucial clinical health AI applications could save the US healthcare economy $150 billion per year by 2026.

“According to Accenture, crucial clinical health AI applications could save the US healthcare economy $150 billion per year by 2026.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Healthcare AI must address protection and interoperability challenges in healthcare.

“Healthcare AI must address protection and interoperability challenges in healthcare”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

A modern approach to incorporate technologies in health care has been created by the convergence of sophisticated algorithms, massive data sets, and efficient machines.

“A modern approach to incorporate technologies in health care has been created by the convergence of sophisticated algorithms, massive data sets, and efficient machines”

• cites Tran et al. 2019Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

According to WHO estimates, around one million people die each year as a result of counterfeit drugs.

“According to WHO estimates, around one million people die each year as a result of counterfeit drugs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Deep learning is a powerful AI technique that has been effectively used in medical diagnostics, cellular image analysis, chemical syntheses, drug classification, and other areas.

“where they showed how deep learning is a powerful AI technique that has been effectively used in medical diagnostics, cellular image analysis, chemical syntheses, drug classification, and other areas studied by Bai et al. (Bai et al. 2021)”

• cites Bai et al. 2021Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blockchain technology is a one-of-a-kind shared mechanism for storing, checking, and accepting data and performing a sequence of transactions.

“Besides this, blockchain technology is a one-of-a-kind shared mechanism for storing, checking, and accepting data and performing a sequence of transactions (Rosebrock 2020).”

• cites Rosebrock 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The AI algorithm would be accomplished through a web-based or mobile-based poll.

“This would be accomplished through a web-based or mobile-based poll.”

• cites Rao and Vazquez 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Blockchain allows for implementing patient-centered healthcare facilities, improved public health monitoring, outbreak control, and fast and efficient decision-making.

“and allows for implementing patient-centered healthcare facilities, improved public health monitoring, outbreak control, and fast and efficient decision-making”

• cites Rosebrock 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Blockchain was employed to conduct real-time Ebola contact tracing, transmission pattern surveillance, and vaccine delivery.

“where blockchain was employed to conduct real-time Ebola contact tracing, transmission pattern surveillance, and vaccine delivery”

• cites Kangbai et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

COVID-19 is a groundbreaking open-access process that gives regular estimates of new infections by country and, in certain circumstances, by location.

“COVID-19 is a groundbreaking open-access process that gives regular estimates of new infections by country and, in certain circumstances, by location.”

• cites Prosser 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Blockchain can actively simplify the process of fast-tracking drug trials, and recording and tracking all fundraising activities and donations, in an immutable fashion, which can support the management of outbreaks and treatment.

“In the coronavirus outbreak fighting, blockchain can actively simplify the process of fast-tracking drug trials, and recording and tracking all fundraising activities and donations, in an immutable fashion, which can support the management of outbreaks and treatment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Infravision is a start-up that uses deep learning medical imaging platforms to speed up detection of COVID-19 cases by recognizing complex lung features.

“Infravision, for example, is a start-up that uses deep learning medical imaging platforms to speed up the detection of COVID-19 cases by recognizing complex lung features (Peng et al. 2020).”

• cites Peng et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blockchain and AI have been applied to other infectious epidemics, such as Ebola.

“In fact, blockchain and AI have been applied to other infectious epidemics, such as Ebola (Kangbai et al. 2018)”

• cites Kangbai et al. 2018Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

AI techniques such as LSTM neural network architectures were used to predict influenza-like illness dynamics for military populations using neural networks and social media.

“For example, AI techniques such as neural network architectures based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) were used to predict the influenza-like illness dynamics for military populations using neural networks and social media (Lopes et al. 2021).”

• cites Lopes et al. 2021Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In developed settings and emerging, resource-limited circumstances, a low-cost blockchain and AI-coupled self-testing and monitoring system have been suggested for handling COVID-19 pandemics.

“and in developed settings (to prevent crippling and straining public health ability or universal health care infrastructure) and in emerging, resource-limited circumstances, a low-cost blockchain and AI-coupled self-testing and monitoring system have been suggested for handling COVID-19 pandemics (Basu et al. 2020).”

• cites Basu et al. 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rao and Vazquez propose an AI algorithm that allows rapid detection of infected cases and risk assessment based on symptoms and indicators associated with novel coronavirus.

“Rao and Vazquez (Rao and Vazquez 2020). propose a means based on an AI algorithm that allows for the rapid detection of infected cases, as well as risk assessment and evaluation based on symptoms and indicators associated with the novel corona virus.”

• cites Rao and Vazquez 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Based on responses, the algorithm can send warnings to clinics or telemedicine units, requesting health checkups and case confirmation.

“In addition, based on the responses, the algorithm can send warnings to clinics or telemedicine units, requesting health checkups and case confirmation.”

• cites Rao and Vazquez 2020Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.