Strategic control and medial frontal negativity: Beyond errors and response conflict
Abstract
Errors in timed choice tasks typically produce an error‐related negativity (ERN) in the event‐related potential (ERP). The error specificity of the ERN has been challenged by studies showing a correct response negativity (CRN). Forty‐five participants engaged in a flanker task in which both compatibility between flankers and target and the probability of compatible flankers were manipulated. Correct responses elicited a CRN, the amplitude of which increased with the degree of mismatch between the presence of conflict and conflict probability, even on low‐conflict (compatible) trials. The fronto‐central N2 component was larger on high‐conflict (incompatible) correct response trials. However, in contrast to some recent accounts, this N2 was largest for highly probable stimuli. These findings suggest revision to models of the effects of conflict on response‐related negativity to account for strategic adjustments made in preparation for the response.
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CRN amplitudes index strategic use of information to guide adaptive responses.
“These findings suggest that CRN amplitudes index strategic use of information to guide adaptive responses (Bartholow et al., 2005).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Bartholow et al., 2005
More negative CRN amplitudes are reported following correct responses in incongruent than congruent trials and when the current trial type violated expectations.
“More negative CRN amplitudes were reported following correct responses in incongruent than congruent trials and moreover when the current trial type violated expectations (Bartholow et al., 2005).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Bartholow et al., 2005
CRN amplitudes were enhanced in incongruent than congruent trials, suggesting enhanced task engagement in these trials to successfully avoid erroneous responses.
“Replicating previous results, CRN amplitudes were enhanced in incongruent than congruent trials (Bartholow et al., 2005), suggesting enhanced task engagement in these trials to successfully avoid erroneous responses.”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Bartholow et al., 2005
Later, the CRN component may subsequently inform strategic behavioral adaptation according to contextual cues that might require a change of contextual priorities (happy out-group condition).
“Later, the CRN component may subsequently inform strategic behavioral adaptation (Bartholow et al., 2005) according to contextual cues that might require a change of contextual priorities (happy out-group condition).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Bartholow et al., 2005
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“The ERN has been described as a neural marker of error monitoring processes (Falkenstein et al. 1991; Gehring et al. 1993), reinforcement learning (Holroyd and Coles 2002), error-related distress (Bartholow et al. 2005), and the motivational significance of errors (Hajcak et al. 2005).”
- Authors
- Bartholow, B. D., Pearson, M. A., Dickter, C. L., Sher, K. J., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bartholow, Bruce D.
- Gratton, Gabriele
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-01
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-42
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2109493861
- Cited by
- 387
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA007231, P50AA011998)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- error-related negativity, correct response negativity, N2 component, flanker task, response conflict, conflict probability, strategic control, response preparation, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Conflict, Psychological, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Reading
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