Effect of flaxseed supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
Objectives The rationale for the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of flaxseed supplementation on important adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines in adults.Methods We conducted searches of published literature in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from inception until May 2019. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which investigated the effects of flaxseed supplementation on the circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) were included in our analysis. Results were summarized using weighted mean differences (WMDs) by random-effects model.Results Forty eligible RCTs, including 2520 participants were identified. The results of the meta-analysis revealed flaxseed supplementation reduced the concentrations of CRP (WMD = -0.387 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.653, -0.121, p = 0.004), IL-6 (WMD = -0.154 pg/Ml; 95% CI: -0.299, -0.010, p = 0.036), and VCAM-1 (WMD = -22.809 ng/ml; 95% CI: -41.498, -4.120, p = 0.017) but had no significant effect on TNF-α (WMD = -0.077 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.317, 0.163, p = 0.530), ICAM-1 (WMD = -8.610 ng/ml; 95% CI: -21.936, 4.716, p = 0.205), and E-selectin (WMD = -1.427 ng/ml; 95% CI: -4.074, 1.22, p = 0.291).Conclusions These findings showed that flaxseed supplementation may improve some circulating concentrations of specific adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines. However, well-designed trials are needed to confirm the range of non-significant and/or equivocal findings.
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Previous meta-analyses assessing the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed-derived products on inflammatory cytokines did not reach consistent conclusions.
“Previous meta-analysis assessed the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed-derived products (flaxseed oil or lignans) on inflammatory cytokines, did not reach consistent conclusions [15, 80, 81].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Askarpour, M., Karimi, M., Hadi, A., Ghaedi, E., Symonds, M. E., Miraghajani, M., & Javadian, P.
- Affiliations
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Ghaedi, Ehsan
- Miraghajani, Maryam
- Venue
- Cytokine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 126
- Pages
- 154922
- ISSN
- 1043-4666 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2986019545
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 0.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cytokine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Keywords
- flaxseed supplementation, inflammation, endothelial function, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-α, adhesion molecules, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, dietary supplementation, omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, circulating inflammatory markers, cardiovascular health, cancer risk reduction, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, C-Reactive Protein, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Seeds, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, E-Selectin, Dietary Supplements, Flax, Young Adult
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