Effect of Flaxseed Intervention on Inflammatory Marker C-Reactive Protein: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Open accessAbstract
Functional food-flaxseed and its derivatives (flaxseed oil or lignans) are beneficial for human health, possibly because of their anti-inflammatory effects. C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of inflammation was chosen to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of flaxseed. We searched randomized controlled trials from PubMed and the Cochrane Library in October 2015 and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of flaxseed and its derivatives on CRP. The mean differences (net change) in CRP (mg/L) concentrations were pooled with a random- or a fixed-effects model depending on the results of heterogeneity tests. Overall, flaxseed interventions had no effects on reduction of CRP (p = 0.428). The null effects were consistent in the subgroup analysis with multiple studies and population characteristics. Significant heterogeneity was observed in most of the analyses. Meta-regression identified baseline body mass index (BMI) as a significant source of heterogeneity (P-interaction = 0.032), with a significant reduction in CRP of 0.83 mg/L (95% confidence interval −1.34 to −0.31; p = 0.002) among subjects with a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2. In conclusion, our meta-analysis did not find sufficient evidence that flaxseed and its derivatives have a beneficial effect on reducing circulating CRP. However, they may significantly reduce CRP in obese populations.
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Previous meta-analyses assessing the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed-derived products on inflammatory cytokines did not reach consistent conclusions.
“Previous meta-analysis assessed the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed-derived products (flaxseed oil or lignans) on inflammatory cytokines, did not reach consistent conclusions [15, 80, 81].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
The Abstract identifies this paper as a meta-analysis of flaxseed and its derivatives, but its outcome is CRP, not inflammatory cytokines generally. The Introduction says the underlying clinical trials had inconsistent findings; it does not say that previous meta-analyses reached inconsistent conclusions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredALA competes with linoleic acid in their common metabolism pathways, which could decrease production of arachidonic acid and consequently decrease proinflammatory eicosanoid, potentially decreasing inflammation.
“It could decrease production of arachidonic acid (AA) and consequently decreased appearance of this fatty acid in tissues has been suggested to decrease proinflammatory eicosanoid, which may decrease inflammation [81].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [81]
The Introduction discusses ALA and possible anti-inflammatory effects, but does not describe competition with linoleic acid or an arachidonic-acid–eicosanoid pathway. The Discussion addresses ALA conversion to EPA or DHA and reports no significant CRP-lowering effect from flaxseed oil. Searches for the claimed competition and for arachidonic acid and eicosanoids found no passage addressing that mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Ren, G.-Y., Chen, C.-Y., Chen, G.-C., Chen, W.-G., Pan, A., Pan, C.-W., Zhang, Y.-H., Qin, L.-Q., & Chen, L.-H.
- Affiliations
- Soochow University (CN)
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 188 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou 215123, China
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-03-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 136
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4808865
- OpenAlex
- W2291962780
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20140372)
- Postgraduate Innovation Cultivating Project in Jiangsu Province (SJLX_0572)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Keywords
- flaxseed, C-reactive protein, inflammation, anti-inflammatory activity, functional foods, linseed oil, lignans, obesity, body mass index, circulating inflammatory markers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Diet, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Linseed Oil, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Seeds, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Lignans, Inflammation Mediators, Flax
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