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Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences
Abstract
Chapter 1. Research Strategies and the Control of Nuisance Variables Chapter 2. Experimental Designs: an Overview Chapter 3. Fundamental Assumptions in Analysis of Variance Chapter 4. Completely Randomized Design Chapter 5. Multiple Comparison Tests Chapter 6. Trend Analysis Chapter 7. General Linear Model Approach to ANOVA Chapter 8. Randomized Block Designs Chapter 9. Completely Randomized Factorial Design with Two Treatments Chapter 10. Completely Randomized Factorial Design with Three or More Treatments and Randomized Block Factorial Design Chapter 11. Hierarchical Designs Chapter 12. Split-Plot Factorial Design: Design with Group-Treatment Confounding Chapter 13. Analysis of Covariance Chapter 14. Latin Square and Related Designs Chapter 15. Confounded Factorial Designs: Designs with Group-Interaction Confounding Chapter 16. Fractional Factorial Designs: Designs with Treatment-Interaction Confounding
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“As cross sectional studies cannot infer causality, the study designs of the included studies are a limitation.66”
From Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [66]
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Exposure versus cognitive restructuring in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia
Bouchard, S., Gauthier, J., Laberge, B., French, D., Pelletier, M.-H., & Godbout, C. (1996) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00077-1 · Cited by 102
The use of Latin-square designs in educational and psychological research
Richardson, J. T. E. (2018) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2018.03.003 · Cited by 104
Psychosocial concerns of sexual minority youth: complexity and caution in group differences
Poteat, V. P., Aragon, S. R., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. W. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014158 · Cited by 98
Hemodynamic characteristics of sodium-sensitive human subjects.
Sullivan, J. M., Prewitt, R. L., Ratts, T. E., Josephs, J. A., & Connor, M. J. (1987) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.9.4.398 · Cited by 97
Wallace, M., Singer, G., Finlay, J., & Gibson, S. (1983) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(83)90262-9 · Cited by 96
Painsipp, E., Herzog, H., Sperk, G., & Holzer, P. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01326.x · Cited by 93
Task-oriented versus competitive learning structures: Motivational and performance consequences.
Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1984) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.76.6.1038 · Cited by 169
Douglass, J. G., Duffy, J. E., & Bruno, J. F. (2008) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01175.x · Cited by 90
Attribution of responsibility to the self and other in children and adults.
Fincham, F., & Jaspars, J. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1589 · Cited by 83
Dispelling Myths About Dissociative Identity Disorder Treatment: An Empirically Based Approach
Brand, B. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Spiegel, D. (2014) · Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes · doi:10.1521/psyc.2014.77.2.169 · Cited by 85
Pitch and loudness interact in auditory displays: Can the data get lost in the map?
Neuhoff, J. G., Wayand, J., & Kramer, G. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.8.1.17 · Cited by 80
Shayeghian, Z., Hassanabadi, H., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Amiri, P., & Besharat, M. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166599 · Cited by 77
Background television as an inhibitor of performance on easy and difficult homework assignments
POOL, M. M., VAN DER VOORT, T. H. A., BEENTJES, J. W. J., & KOOLSTRA, C. M. (2000) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365000027003002 · Cited by 76
Haskell‐Luevano, C., Schaub, J. W., Andreasen, A., Haskell, K. R., Moore, M. C., Koerper, L. M., Rouzaud, F., Baker, H. V., Millard, W. J., Walter, G., et al. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-109686 · Cited by 72
Amendola, K. L., Weisburd, D., Hamilton, E. E., Jones, G., & Slipka, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-011-9135-7 · Cited by 69
Bouchard, S., Gauthier, J., Nouwen, A., Ivers, H., Vallières, A., Simard, S., & Fournier, T. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.08.002 · Cited by 67
Jackson, D. L. (2010) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020462 · Cited by 65
Ballor, D. L., Harvey-Berino, J. R., Ades, P. A., Cryan, J., & Calles-Escandon, J. (1996) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90050-5 · Cited by 61
Laforest, M., Bouchard, S., Crétu, A.-M., & Mesly, O. (2016) · Frontiers in ICT · doi:10.3389/fict.2016.00018 · Cited by 60
“…a covariable as this approach has the benefit of being conservative (Van Breukelen, 2006), controls for the autocorrelation of observations (Cronbach and Furby, 1970), is considered preferable by some (Huck and McLean, 1975), and is adequate to answer our research question according to Kirk (1982).”
ResultSex-dependent effects on tasks assessing reinforcement learning and interference inhibition
Evans, K. L., & Hampson, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01044 · Cited by 52
“The Greenhouse– Geisser epsilon was used to correct for any sphericity violations in the repeated measures variables or interactions (Kirk, 1995).”
MethodAn evaluation of persisting cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use
BARKER, M. J., GREENWOOD, K. M., JACKSON, M., & CROWE, S. F. (2005) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617705050332 · Cited by 53
Translational research in South Africa: evaluating implementation quality using a factorial design
Caldwell, L. L., Smith, E. A., Collins, L. M., Graham, J. W., Lai, M., Wegner, L., Vergnani, T., Matthews, C., & Jacobs, J. (2012) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-011-9164-4 · Cited by 50
“First, they enable estimation of the main effect of each of the three independent variables of interest (e.g., Kirk 1995).”
Gol, D., & Jarus, T. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162205001052 · Cited by 44
Interpretation of main effects in the presence of non-significant interaction effects.
Lorah, J. A. (2020) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.16.1.p033 · Cited by 44
“Some guidance indicates that if the interaction is nonsignificant, the researcher may proceed with multiple comparison procedures from an ANOVA model (Kirk, 2013) indicating that the interaction can be ignored and that the analysis can proceed as if the interaction effect had not been included.”
BackgroundMethodShock-induced fighting attenuates the effects of prior shock experience in rats
Weinberg, J., Erskine, M., & Levine, S. (1980) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90173-0 · Cited by 43
Fulks, J. L., O’Bryhim, B. E., Wenzel, S. K., Fowler, S. C., Vorontsova, E., Pinkston, J. W., Ortiz, A. N., & Johnson, M. A. (2010) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/cn100032f · Cited by 37
Fernández-Rodríguez, C., Coto-Lesmes, R., Martínez-Loredo, V., González-Fernández, S., & Cuesta, M. (2023) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455221083309 · Cited by 35
TIME REPRODUCTION DISTURBANCES IN ADHD CHILDREN: AN ERP STUDY
GONZÁLEZ-GARRIDO, A. A., GÓMEZ-VELÁZQUEZ, F. R., ZARABOZO, D., LÓPEZ-ELIZALDE, R., ONTIVEROS, A., MADERA-CARRILLO, H., VEGA, O. L., ALBA, J. L. O. D., & TUYA, J. M. D. L. S. (2008) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450601042177 · Cited by 31
West, C. H. K., Schaefer, G. J., & Michael, R. P. (1983) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(83)90010-2 · Cited by 28
Encoding processes and the spacing effect
Bellezza, F. S., Winkler, H. B., & Andrasik, F. (1975) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03212940 · Cited by 28
Beyond the “Wow” Factor: Using Generative AI for Increasing Generative Sense-Making
Makransky, G., Shiwalia, B. M., Herlau, T., & Blurton, S. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10039-x · Cited by 27
“This procedure ensures that the family-wise error rate is maintained at the desired level (e.g., Kirk, 2013).”
Does anonymity matter? Examining quality of online peer assessment and students' attitudes
Kobayashi, M. (2020) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.4694 · Cited by 29
Cortright, J. J., Sampedro, G. R., Neugebauer, N. M., & Vezina, P. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.80 · Cited by 27
“When required, posthoc comparisons were made using the Scheffé test according to Kirk (1968).”
MethodDiet selection and metabolic fuels in three models of diabetes mellitus
Bartness, T. J., & Rowland, N. E. (1983) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(83)90079-3 · Cited by 23
Tirelli, E., Jodogne, C., & Legros, J.-J. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90512-e · Cited by 18
Computer-assisted dieting: effects of a randomised controlled intervention
Schroder, K. E. E. (2010) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440902812013 · Cited by 17
Rizzo, P., Steinhausen, H.-C., & Drechsler, R. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0043-x · Cited by 16
Vasopressin and cognitive processes: Two event-related potential studies
Naumann, E., Bartussek, D., Kaiser, W., & Fehm-Wolfsdorf, G. (1991) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/0196-9781(91)90223-c · Cited by 15
Reduction of aggression during benzodiazepine withdrawal: Effects of flumazenil
Saxon, L., Borg, S., & Hiltunen, A. J. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.04.023 · Cited by 12
Neugebauer, N. M., Cortright, J. J., Sampedro, G. R., & Vezina, P. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.035 · Cited by 12
“ANOVAs and subsequent group comparisons were conducted according to Kirk [43] and Hsu [44].”
Heym, N., Ferguson, E., & Lawrence, C. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.001 · Cited by 12
Martínez, A., Salgado, J. F., & Lado, M. (2022) · Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones · doi:10.5093/jwop2022a16 · Cited by 11
Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Ralph, K. J., & Sztybel, P. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1225706 · Cited by 10
Effects of career readiness module on career self-efficacy among university students
Nik Yusoff, N. R., Mahfar, M., Saud, M. S., & Senin, A. A. (2024) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v13i1.25257 · Cited by 2
“According to previous researchers, the pre-test and post-test random group design can improve internal validity [55], [56].”
ResultGenerative AI Usage and Information Literacy Skills among University Students in North-West Nigeria
Dada, K. S. J., & Quadir, O. R. (2026) · Data Science: Journal of Computing and Applied Informatics · doi:10.32734/jocai.v10.i1-24709
Miller (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990402)83:4
(2013) · The Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability · Cited by 125
Metadata
- Authors
- Kirk, R.
- Corresponding author
- Kirk, Roger
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 2013
- OpenAlex
- W2134654456
- Cited by
- 8,539
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 78 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 127
- FWCI
- 44.24
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Optimal Experimental Design Methods
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- experimental design, behavioral science, nuisance parameters, analysis of variance, completely randomized design, multiple comparison tests, trend analysis, general linear model, randomized block design, factorial design, hierarchical design, split-plot design, covariance analysis, Latin square design, fractional factorial design
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