Cited by 1,848Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal and yeast genetics researchFungal Infections and Studies

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Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms

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Mayer, François L., Wilson, Duncan, Hube, Bernhard·2013·Virulence

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Abstract

The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is a member of the normal human microbiome. In most individuals, C. albicans resides as a lifelong, harmless commensal. Under certain circumstances, however, C. albicans can cause infections that range from superficial infections of the skin to life-threatening systemic infections. Several factors and activities have been identified which contribute to the pathogenic potential of this fungus. Among them are molecules which mediate adhesion to and invasion into host cells, the secretion of hydrolases, the yeast-to-hypha transition, contact sensing and thigmotropism, biofilm formation, phenotypic switching and a range of fitness attributes. Our understanding of when and how these mechanisms and factors contribute to infection has significantly increased during the last years. In addition, novel virulence mechanisms have recently been discovered. In this review we present an update on our current understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms of this important human pathogen.

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Figure 1. An overview of selected C. albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Yeast cells adhere to host cell surfaces by the expression of adhesins. Contact to host cells triggers the yeast-to-hypha transition and directed growth via thigmotropism. The expression of invasins mediates uptake of the fungus by the host cell through induced endocytosis. Adhesion, physical forces and secretion of fungal hydrolases has been proposed to facilitate the second mechanism of invasion, i.e., fungal-driven active penetration into host cells by breaking down barriers. The attachment of yeast cells to abiotic (e.g., catheters) or biotic (host cells) surfaces can give rise to the formation of biofilms with yeast cells in the lower part and hyphal cells in the upper part of the biofilm. Phenotypic plasticity (switching) has been proposed to influence antigenicity and biofilm formation of C. albicans. In addition to these virulence factors, several fitness traits influence fungal pathogenicity. They include a robust stress response mediated by heat shock proteins (Hsps); auto-induction of hyphal formation through uptake of amino acids, excretion of ammonia (NH3) and concomitant extracellular alkalinization; metabolic flexibility and uptake of different compounds as carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sources; and uptake of essential trace metals, e.g., iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn).CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

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Authors: Mayer, F. L., Wilson, D., & Hube, B.
Affiliations: Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e. V. - Hans-Knöll-Institut (HKI) (DE)
Jena University Hospital (DE)
Corresponding author: Hube, Bernhard
ORCID: Mayer, François L.
Wilson, Duncan
Hube, Bernhard
Venue: Virulence
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2013-02-15
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 119-128
ISSN: 2150-5594 (ISSN-L)
2150-5608
DOI: 10.4161/viru.22913
PMC: PMC3654610
OpenAlex: W2144035662
Semantic Scholar: ea82d70b2925d03c8aa23ad612a18cdb8c6906ed
Cited by: 1,848
References: 136
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 162 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 180 · 2022: 195 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 150 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 30
FWCI: 11.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Virulence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (01EO1002)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01EO1002)
International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions
Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
Center for Sepsis Control and Care (BMBF 01EO1002, 01EO1002)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Fungal Infections and Studies
Keywords: Candida albicans, fungal pathogenicity, virulence factors, host cell invasion, yeast-to-hypha transition, tactile sensing, thigmotropism, biofilm formation, phenotypic switching, commensal to pathogen transition, systemic candidiasis, superficial fungal infections
MeSH terms: Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Humans, Virulence Factors

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