Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

Talapko, Jasminka; Juzbašić, Martina; Matijević, Tatjana; Pustijanac, Emina; Bekić, Sanja; Kotris, Ivan; Škrlec, Ivana

doi:10.3390/jof7020079

Cited by 794Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityFungal Infections and StudiesFungal and yeast genetics research

Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

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Talapko, Jasminka, Juzbašić, Martina, Matijević, Tatjana, Pustijanac, Emina, Bekić, Sanja, Kotris, Ivan, Škrlec, Ivana·2021·Journal of Fungi

DOI 10.3390/jof7020079PMC PMC7912069

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Abstract

Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals’ skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida’s normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida’s virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia–invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.

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The infection advance of C. albicans to the host is determined by the joint action of growth ability and virulence factors, but not all factors play an equally important role in the pathogenic process.
“The infection advance of C. albicans to the host is determined by the joint action of growth ability and virulence factors [56], but not all factors play an equally important role in the pathogenic process.”
From The F 1 F o -ATP synthase α subunit of Candida albicans induces inflammatory responses by controlling amino acid catabolism (2023) · cites this paper as [56]
Section 2 says C. albicans virulence factors contribute to the onset and spread of infection, and describes cell proliferation during biofilm formation. It does not identify growth ability as a separate determinant acting jointly with virulence factors. The statement about factors’ unequal importance follows the citation and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Responding to the Emergence of Antifungal Drug Resistance: Perspectives from the Bench and the Bedside
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal Candidiasis: Current Updates
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Candida albicans biofilm development is governed by cooperative attachment and adhesion maintenance proteins
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Candida albicans biofilms: building a heterogeneous, drug-tolerant environment
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“The biofilm cells form a hypoxic environment and increase the expression of genes involved in glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and ergosterol synthesis [45].”
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Pulmonary Candidiasis in Patients with Cancer: An Autopsy Study
Kontoyiannis, D. P., Reddy, B. T., Torres, H. A., Luna, M. A., Lewis, R. E., Tarrand, J. J., Bodey, G. P., & RAAD, I. I. (2002) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/338404 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Pathogenesis and Clinical Relevance of Candida Biofilms in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
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“Bcr1 transcription factor (Biofilm and Cell wall Regulator 1), whose main target is Hwp1 (Hyphal Wall Protein), is necessary to form biofilm on mucosal surfaces [41].”
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MFS multidrug transporters in pathogenic fungi: do they have real clinical impact?
Costa, C., Dias, P. J., Sá‐Correia, I., & Teixeira, M. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00197 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Identification of uncommon oral yeasts from cancer patients by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
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“albicans into the bloodstream and the development of disseminated candidiasis mostly occur after an invasive infection of the gastrointestinal system [4,89,90].”
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Regulation of Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis by Endogenous Signals
Kornitzer, D. (2019) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof5010021 · Cited by 105 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Chains of elongated yeast cells characterize pseudohyphae, and the shape of hyphae is characterized by branched chains of tubular cells, with no narrowing at the sites of septation [7].”
Background
Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin
Galocha, M., Pais, P., Cavalheiro, M., Pereira, D., Viana, R., & Teixeira, M. C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20092345 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Induced endocytosis is mediated by hyphae invasion and depends on host activity, whereas active penetration depends on the fungal activity [25].”
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Current perspectives and the future of Candida albicans-associated denture stomatitis treatment
Gad, M. M., & Fouda, S. M. (2020) · Dental and Medical Problems · doi:10.17219/dmp/112861 · Cited by 104 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Lesions on the mucosa are red and limited to areas covered by the prosthetic replacement, sometimes accompanied by a burning sensation, but often are asymptomatic and detected only by dental examination [51,57,61,63,64].”
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Use of Antifungal Combination Therapy: Agents, Order, and Timing
Johnson, M. D., & Perfect, J. R. (2010) · Current Fungal Infection Reports · doi:10.1007/s12281-010-0018-6 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans for antifungal drugs, the patient’s sensitivity to the antifungal agent, and the severity of the disease, relevant comorbidities, and brain involvement, heart valves, or internal organs [174,175].”
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Is the oral fungal pathogen Candida albicans a cariogen?
Pereira, D., Seneviratne, C. J., Koga‐Ito, C. Y., & Samaranayake, L. P. (2017) · Oral Diseases · doi:10.1111/odi.12691 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
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PolymicrobialCandidabiofilms: friends and foe in the oral cavity
O’Donnell, L. E., Millhouse, E., Sherry, L., Kean, R., Malcolm, J., Nile, C. J., & Ramage, G. (2015) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/fov077 · Cited by 102 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It is an inflammatory condition of one, or more often, both corners of the lips and is clinically manifested by redness, erosions, and crusts that are sometimes covered with white plaque [61,63].”
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Candida–Epithelial Interactions
Richardson, J., Ho, J., & Naglik, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4010022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effect of Antibiotics on Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A MetroNet Study
Xu, J., Schwartz, K., Bartoces, M. G., Monsur, J. C., Severson, R. K., & Sobel, J. D. (2008) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2008.04.070169 · Cited by 100 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As mentioned earlier, they are commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus [117–119], immunosuppressed patients, such as HIV/AIDS patients, oncology patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ transplant patients [117,120,121] taking broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics [122,123].”
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Microbial Interactions in Oral Communities Mediate Emergent Biofilm Properties
Diaz, P. I., & Valm, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034519880157 · Cited by 100 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium considered the most important in developing periodontitis [81,82].”
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Inhibitory effects of β-caryophyllene on Streptococcus mutans biofilm
Yoo, H., & Jwa, S.-K. (2018) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.01.009 · Cited by 97 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bacterial and fungal cells are able to produce glucan, which, as an extracellular polysaccharide, helps create a cariogenic biofilm [76,78].”
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Community Development betweenPorphyromonas gingivalisandCandida albicansMediated by InlJ and Als3
Sztukowska, M. N., Dutton, L. C., Delaney, C., Ramsdale, M., Ramage, G., Jenkinson, H. F., Nobbs, A. H., & Lamont, R. J. (2018) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00202-18 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium considered the most important in developing periodontitis [81,82].”
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Piperine Impedes Biofilm Formation and Hyphal Morphogenesis of Candida albicans
Priya, A., & Pandian, S. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00756 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans can transition from yeast to hyphae morphologically, its biofilm is a complex structure of different morphological forms [31].”
Background
Invasive Candidiasis
González-Lara, M. F., & Ostrosky‐Zeichner, L. (2020) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701215 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Oral fungal-bacterial biofilm models in vitro: a review
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“albicans grows in enamel cracks and grooves and can penetrate through open dentin tubules [75,76].”
Background
Insights Into the Role of Extracellular DNA and Extracellular Proteins in Biofilm Formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Li, W. L., Wang, J. J., Qian, H., Tan, L., Zhang, Z., Liu, H., Pan, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00813 · Cited by 91 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The extracellular polysaccharide matrix comprises extracellular polymers and extracellular DNA involved in maintaining the biofilm structure [35].”
Background
“ Candida Albicans Interactions With The Host: Crossing The Intestinal Epithelial Barrier”
Basmaciyan, L., Bon, F., Paradis, T., Lapaquette, P., & Dalle, F. (2019) · Tissue Barriers · doi:10.1080/21688370.2019.1612661 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Introduction to Fungal Physiology
Walker, G. M., & White, N. A. (2005) · doi:10.1002/0470015330.ch1 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Blastospores divide asexually by budding [5,6].”
Targeted Versus Universal Antifungal Prophylaxis Among Liver Transplant Recipients
Eschenauer, G. A., Kwak, E. J., Humar, A., Potoski, B. A., Clarke, L. G., Shields, R. K., Abdel‐Massih, R., Silveira, F. P., Verhidis, P., Clancy, C. J., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.12993 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Targeted antifungal prophylaxis is warranted in high-risk recipients of the liver, pancreas, small intestine, or hematopoietic stem cells [166].”
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Neonatal candidiasis: Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
Greenberg, R. G., & Benjamin, D. K. (2014) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2014.07.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ciclopirox olamine: A hydroxypyridone antifungal agent
ABRAMS, B. B., Hänel, H., & Hoehler, T. (1991) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/0738-081x(91)90075-v · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Adhesive protein-mediated cross-talk between Candida albicans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in dual species biofilm protects the anaerobic bacterium in unfavorable oxic environment
Bartnicka, D., Karkowska‐Kuleta, J., Zawrotniak, M., Satała, D., Michalik, K., Zielińska, G., Bocheńska, O., Kozik, A., Ciastoń, I., Kozieł, J., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40771-8 · Cited by 83 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While on abiotic surfaces, it is expressed as an independent enzyme of the host and has an adhesion function [42].”
Background
Candida albicansInt1p Interacts with the Septin Ring in Yeast and Hyphal Cells
Gale, C. A., Gerami‐Nejad, M., McClellan, M., Vandoninck, S., Longtine, M. S., & Berman, J. G. (2001) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.12.11.3538 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The nuclei separate at the mother–daughter cell junction via the septum [20].”
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Innate immune cell response upon Candida albicans infection
Qin, Y.-L., Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Zhang, J.-Y., Jiang, Y.-Y., Cao, Y.-B., & Yan, T.-H. (2016) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2016.1138201 · Cited by 79 · cited 3× · see citing works
“However, when host-immunity is impaired for various possible reasons, a pathogenic infection may occur [67].”
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Etiology, diagnosis and treatment of infectious esophagitis
Rosołowski, M., & Kierzkiewicz, M. (2013) · Gastroenterology Review · doi:10.5114/pg.2013.39914 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Oral therapy of common superficial fungal infections of the skin
Lesher, J. L. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70395-6 · Cited by 74 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Most usually respond to topical antifungal agents, but if the patient is immunocompromised, has extensive areas affected, or fails to respond to topical therapy, systemic treatment is needed [128].”
Background
Dressed to impress: impact of environmental adaptation on the C andida albicans cell wall
Hall, R. A. (2015) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.13020 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Communication of the cell with the outside environment takes place through the cell membrane [13].”
Background
Epidemiologic characteristics of women with idiopathic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
Spinillo, A., Pizzoli, G., Colonna, L., Nicola, S., Seta, F. D., & Guaschino, S. (1994) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(94)90096-5 · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“; during pregnancy, this rises to 40% [109].”
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Infections of the esophagus: an update on risk factors, diagnosis, and management
Hoversten, P., Kamboj, A. K., & Katzka, D. A. (2018) · Diseases of the Esophagus · doi:10.1093/dote/doy094 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Three groups of drugs can be used in therapy: nystatin, amphotericin B, and azole antifungals (most commonly fluconazole), where the choice depends on the degree of immunosuppression [93,98].”
Background
Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Invasive Candidiasis in Adults
Bow, E. J., Evans, G. A., Fuller, J., Laverdière, M., Rotstein, C., Rennie, R. P., Shafran, S. D., Sheppard, D. C., Carle, S., Phillips, P., et al. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2010/357076 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Recurrent candidal intertrigo: challenges and solutions
Metın, A., Dılek, N., & Bilgili, S. G. (2018) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s127841 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candida infections are present with sharply marked erythematous, sometimes erosive patches with light scaling of the surface, and satellite papules and pustules on the periphery [106].”
Background
Candida albicans Increases Dentine Demineralization Provoked by Streptococcus mutans Biofilm
Sampaio, A. A., Souza, S. E., Ricomini-Filho, A. P., Cury, A. A. D. B., Cavalcanti, Y. W., & Cury, J. A. (2018) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000494033 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“mutans and the volume of the biofilm [79,80].”
Background
Topical ciclopirox olamine 1%: Revisiting a unique antifungal
Sonthalia, S., Agrawal, M., & Vn, S. (2019) · Indian Dermatology Online Journal · doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_29_19 · Cited by 68 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is increasingly being used in dermatology practice [132,133].”
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Fungal infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review
Stamatiades, G. A., Ιωάννου, Π., Petrikkos, G. L., & Tsioutis, C. (2018) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12753 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans should be suspected if infections are detected early during IBD treatment [100].”
Background
Impaired TH17 responses in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with and without autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy
Ng, W., von Delwig, A. A., Carmichael, A., Arkwright, P. D., Abinun, M., Cant, A. J., Jolles, S. R. A., & Lilić, D. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.027 · Cited by 62 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It was discovered that T helper (Th17) cells have a critical role in immune defense against Candida, but also a considerable role against other microbes [72,73].”
Background
The external face of Candida albicans : A proteomic view of the cell surface and the extracellular environment
Gil-Bona, A., Amador-García, A., Gil, C., & Monteoliva, L. (2017) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.002 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
In vitro susceptibility profile of 200 recent clinical isolates of Candida spp. to topical antifungal treatments of vulvovaginal candidiasis, the imidazoles and nystatin agents
Choukri, F., Benderdouche, M., & Sednaoui, P. (2014) · Journal de Mycologie Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.05.001 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of the topical polyenes, nystatin is most commonly used, especially for oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis [105,131].”
Background
Comparison of the incidence, clinical features and outcomes of invasive candidiasis in children and neonates
Hsu, J., Lai, M., Lee, C., Chu, S., Wu, I.-H., Huang, H., Lee, I., Chiang, M., Fu, R.-H., & Tsai, M.-H. (2018) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3100-2 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“confirmed, is crucial for successfully treating invasive candidiasis [141,167].”
Background
Pre-clinical Imaging of Invasive Candidiasis Using ImmunoPET/MR
Morad, H. O. J., Wild, A., Wiehr, S., Davies, G. E., Maurer, A., Pichler, B. J., & Thornton, C. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01996 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Of all the species, Candida albicans is the most common causative agent of mucosal infections and systemic infection, and it is responsible for about 70% of fungal infections around the world [2].”
Background
Candida albicans Shields the Periodontal Killer Porphyromonas gingivalis from Recognition by the Host Immune System and Supports the Bacterial Infection of Gingival Tissue
Bartnicka, D., Gonzalez‐Gonzalez, M., Sykut, J., Kozieł, J., Ciastoń, I., Adamowicz, K., Braś, G., Zawrotniak, M., Karkowska‐Kuleta, J., Satała, D., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21061984 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Challenges to “Classic” Esophageal Candidiasis
Alsomali, M., Arnold, M., Frankel, W. L., Graham, R. P., Hart, P. A., Lam-Himlin, D. M., Naini, B. V., Voltaggio, L., & Arnold, C. A. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqw210 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Candida Prosthetic Joint Infection. A Review of Treatment Methods
Cobo, F., Rodríguez‐Granger, J., Sampedro, A., Aliaga–Martínez, L., & Navarro‐Marí, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Bone and Joint Infection · doi:10.7150/jbji.17699 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Conserved and Divergent Functions of the cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis
Lin, C.-J., & Chen, Y.-L. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4020068 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The most important is cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (cyclic adenosine monophosphate PKA) [3,26].”
Background
Genetic analysis of the Candida albicans biofilm transcription factor network using simple and complex haploinsufficiency
Glazier, V. E., Murante, T., Murante, D., Koselny, K., Liu, Y., Kim, D., Koo, H., & Krysan, D. J. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006948 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The transcription network that regulates biofilm formation consists of six major transcription regulators (Efg1, Tec1, Bcr1, Ndt80, Rob1, and Brg1) that regulate the expression of 1000 genes [39,40].”
Background
The Principles, Mechanisms, and Benefits of Unconventional Agents in the Treatment of Biofilm Infection
Talapko, J., & Škrlec, I. (2020) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph13100299 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Management of Streptococcus mutans-Candida spp. Oral Biofilms’ Infections: Paving the Way for Effective Clinical Interventions
Salehi, B., Kręgiel, D., Mahady, G. B., Sharifi‐Rad, J., Martins, N. A., & Rodrigues, C. F. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9020517 · Cited by 52 · cited 3× · see citing works
“have been isolated from dentin and root caries in children and adults, with a prevalence of 66%–97% in children and 31%–56% in adults [76,77].”
Background
From Genes to Networks: The Regulatory Circuitry Controlling Candida albicans Morphogenesis
Basso, V., d’Enfert, C., Znaidi, S., & Bachellier‐Bassi, S. (2018) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2018_144 · Cited by 51 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Filamentation is enhanced by a temperature higher than 37 ◦C, an alkali pH, serum, and high concentrations of CO2 [8].”
Background
Oral Fungal Microbiota: To Thrush and Beyond
Baumgardner, D. J. (2019) · Journal of patient-centered research and reviews · doi:10.17294/2330-0698.1705 · Cited by 50 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Lesions on the mucosa are red and limited to areas covered by the prosthetic replacement, sometimes accompanied by a burning sensation, but often are asymptomatic and detected only by dental examination [51,57,61,63,64].”
BackgroundInfluential
The Dual Function of the Fungal Toxin Candidalysin during Candida albicans—Macrophage Interaction and Virulence
König, A., Hube, B., & Kasper, L. (2020) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins12080469 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candidalysin is capable of directly damaging the epithelial membrane, by intercalation, permeabilization, and creating pores, causing the cytoplasmic contents to weaken [29,30].”
Background
Early-Onset Invasive Candidiasis in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: Perinatal Acquisition Predicts Poor Outcome
Barton, M., Shen, A., O’Brien, K., Robinson, J. L., Davies, H. D., Simpson, K., Asztalos, E. V., Langley, J. M., Saux, N. L., Sauve, R. S., et al. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Phenotypic Plasticity Regulates Candida albicans Interactions and Virulence in the Vertebrate Host
Mallick, E. M., Bergeron, A. C., Jones, S. K., Newman, Z. R., Brothers, K. M., Créton, R., Wheeler, R. T., & Bennett, R. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00780 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In Candida albicans cells, switching between two phenotype states, white and opaque, leads to differences in filamentous growth and interactions with immunological cells in vitro [46].”
Background
Candida albicans: The Ability to Invade Epithelial Cells and Survive under Oxidative Stress Is Unlinked to Hyphal Length
Maza, P. K., Bonfim‐Melo, A., Padovan, A. C. B., Mortara, R. A., Orikaza, C. M., Ramos, L. M. D., Moura, T. R., Soriani, F. M., Almeida, R. S., Suzuki, É., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01235 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and candidiases
Dorko, E., Baranová, Z., Jenča, A., Kizek, P., Pilipcinec, E., & Tkáčiková, Ľ. (2005) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/bf02931574 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Candida Endocarditis: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Morphology, Risk Factors, and Management of an Emerging and Serious Condition
Mamtani, S. S., Aljanabi, N. M., Rauniyar, R. P. G., Acharya, A., & Malik, B. H. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.6695 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Candida endocarditis is one of the most severe candidiasis manifestations and is the most common cause of fungal endocarditis [157].”
Background
Candida Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit?
Schnabel, R. M., Linssen, C. F. M., Guion, N., van Mook, W., & Bergmans, D. C. J. J. (2014) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofu026 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A bronchoalveolar lavage is a diagnostic tool for verifying pneumonia and determining the causative pathogen [151].”
Method
Acute and Chronic Paronychia
Rubin, A. I., & Daniel, C. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65649-6_13 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Oral Candidiasis in People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Case Control Study
Suryana, K., Suharsono, H., & Antara, I. G. P. J. (2020) · HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care · doi:10.2147/hiv.s236304 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In HIV infection/AIDS, candidosis is an early sign of immunodeficiency and can indicate the immune status and disease progression in such patients [59,60].”
Background
Primary Immunodeficiencies with Elevated IgE
Mogensen, T. H. (2015) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1027820 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Besides earlier mentioned CMC, hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is another group of inherited disorders characterized, among other things, by recurrent cutaneous candidiasis, occurring in approximately 80% of HIES patients [114,115].”
Background
Risk factors related to oral candidiasis in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Serrano, J., López‐Pintor, R. M., Ramírez, L., Castro, M. F., Sanz, M., Melchor, S., Peiteado, D., & Hernández, G. (2020) · Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal · doi:10.4317/medoral.23719 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Course of Esophageal Candidiasis and Outcomes of Patients at a Single Center
Hoversten, P., Otaki, F. A., & Katzka, D. A. (2018) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.04.035 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Inhibitory Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Lycopersicon Esculentum against Biofilm Formation in Candida Species
Choi, J. S., Lee, J. W., Shin, U. C., Lee, M. W., Kim, D. J., & Kim, S. W. (2019) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano9111512 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“was tested, and many studies showed that AgNPs have potential in the treatment of candidiasis [139,140].”
Background
Measuring Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Candida albicans biofilm formation using a real-time impedance-based system
Abrantes, P. M. D. S., & Africa, C. W. J. (2019) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105815 · Cited by 32 · cited 1× · see citing works
“mutans and the volume of the biofilm [79,80].”
Background
Roles of Cross-Membrane Transport and Signaling in the Maintenance of Cellular Homeostasis
Cho, I., Jackson, M. R., & Swift, J. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-016-0439-6 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the cell membrane, there is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins with the role of receptors, but also some whose role is transport and also signal transduction [15].”
Background
Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of the Human Pathogen Candida albicans: A Promising Platform for Drug Target Prediction
Viana, R., Dias, Ó., Lagoa, D. R., Galocha, M., Rocha, I., & Teixeira, M. C. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6030171 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Adaptation of Candida albicans During Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization
Mishra, A. A., & Koh, A. Y. (2018) · Current Clinical Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40588-018-0096-8 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This species is the most common opportunistic pathogen among fungi and can cause diseases ranging from superficial to invasive and life-threatening infections [88].”
Background
The Cell Wall of Candida albicans: A Proteomics View
Reyna‐Beltrán, E., Bazán-Méndez, C. I., Iranzo, M., Mormeneo, S., & Luna‐Arias, J. P. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.82348 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Its role is to protect the cell from stressful conditions in the environment, such as osmotic changes, dehydration, and temperature changes, and protect the cells from the host’s immune defense [10,11].”
Background
IL-1α released from oral epithelial cells upon candidalysin exposure initiates an early innate epithelial response.
Hanaoka, M., & Domae, E. (2020) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa070 · Cited by 25 · cited 3× · see citing works
“It is characterized by the morphological transition of blastospores into hyphae, and the transitional form between are pseudohyphae [18,19].”
Background
Acute and Chronic Paronychia.
Leggit, J. C. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Evaluation of Human Body Fluids for the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
Badiee, P. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/698325 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Source control refers to removing the infection source, such as removing contaminated intravascular catheters, drainage of peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, or abscesses [12,168].”
Background
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles(Ag-Nps)( a model of metals) by Candida albicans and its antifungal activity on Some fungal pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans).
Hassan, A. A., & Mansour, K. (2012) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Predictors of esophageal candidiasis among patients attending endoscopy unit in a tertiary hospital, Tanzania: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Mushi, M. F., Ngeta, N., Mirambo, M. M., & Mshana, S. E. (2018) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v18i1.10 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The clinical disease may be asymptomatic but is most commonly manifested by acute odynophagia, dysphagia, and pain behind the sternum [94,97].”
Background
Fungal infections of the bones and joints
Johnson, M. D., & Perfect, J. R. (2001) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/bf03160470 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Virulence Traits Contributing to Pathogenicity of Candida Species
Deorukhkar, S. C. (2017) · Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation · doi:10.15406/jmen.2017.05.00140 · Cited by 22 · cited 2× · see citing works
“albicans recognize ligands such as proteins, fibrinogens, and fibronectins and bind to them [17].”
Background
Fungal infections of the bones and joints
Johnson, M. D., & Perfect, J. R. (2007) · Current Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.1007/s11908-007-1002-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The influence of diet on gastrointestinal Candida spp. colonization and the susceptibility of Candida spp. to antifungal drugs
Jeziorek, M., Frej−Mądrzak, M., & Choroszy−Król, I. (2019) · Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny · doi:10.32394/rpzh.2019.0070 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica: A review of interdigital candidiasis
Schlager, E., Ashack, K. A., & Khachemoune, A. (2018) · Dermatology Online Journal · doi:10.5070/d3248041124 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Evolving View of IL-17-Mediated Immunity in Defense Against Mucocutaneous Candidiasis in Humans
Soltész, B., Tóth, B., Sarkadi, A. K., Erdös, M., & Maródi, L. (2015) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.3109/08830185.2015.1049345 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It was discovered that T helper (Th17) cells have a critical role in immune defense against Candida, but also a considerable role against other microbes [72,73].”
Background
Unraveling How Candida albicans Forms Sexual Biofilms
Perry, A. M., Hernday, A. D., & Nobile, C. J. (2020) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof6010014 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The transcription network that regulates biofilm formation consists of six major transcription regulators (Efg1, Tec1, Bcr1, Ndt80, Rob1, and Brg1) that regulate the expression of 1000 genes [39,40].”
Background
Dynamic study of oral Candida infection and immune status in HIV infected patients during HAART
Du, X., Xiong, H., Yang, Y., Yan, J., Zhu, S., & Chen, F. (2020) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104741 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In HIV infection/AIDS, candidosis is an early sign of immunodeficiency and can indicate the immune status and disease progression in such patients [59,60].”
Background
Anogenital Pruritus – An Overview
Swamiappan, M. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/18440.7703 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Antifungal agents for invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill adults: What do the guidelines recommend?
Wang, Y., McGuire, T., Hollingworth, S., Dong, Y., & van Driel, M. (2019) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.016 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The role of virulence factors inCandida albicanspathogenicity
Wibawa, T. (2016) · Journal of the Medical Sciences (Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran) · doi:10.19106/jmedsci004801201606 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“albicans are SAP (secreted aspartyl protease), phospholipase, and hemolysin [48].”
Background
Fungal profile and antifungal susceptibility pattern in patients with oral candidiasis.
Sav, H., Altınbaş, R., & Dursun, Z. B. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Empirical Antifungal Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis
Siddharthan, T., Karakousis, P. C., & Checkley, W. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.13801 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Published data suggest that fluconazole antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence of invasive candidiasis among high-risk ICU patients [165].”
Background
Skin infections in 401 renal transplant recipients in southern Turkey.
Dicle, Ö., Parmaksizoğlu, B., Gürkan, A., Tuncer, M. A., Demirbas, A., & Yılmaz, E. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A white-to-opaque-like phenotypic switch in the yeast Torulaspora microellipsoides
Brimacombe, C. A., Sierocinski, T., & Dahabieh, M. S. (2020) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-0815-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Essential Functional Modules for Pathogenic and Defensive Mechanisms inCandida albicansInfections
Wang, Y., Tsai, I.-C., Lin, C., Hsieh, W., Lan, C., Chuang, Y., & Chen, B. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/136130 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“As mentioned earlier, they are commonly seen in patients with diabetes mellitus [117–119], immunosuppressed patients, such as HIV/AIDS patients, oncology patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ transplant patients [117,120,121] taking broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics [122,123].”
Background
Community-Acquired Fungemia Due to a Multiple-Azole-Resistant Strain of Candida tropicalis
Jandourek, A., Brown, P., & Vázquez, J. A. (1999) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/313540 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, recently azole-resistant strains have been detected [134].”
Background
Intravenous Catheter-Associated Candidemia due to Candida membranaefaciens: The First Iranian Case.
Âghili, S. R., Shokohi, T., Boroumand, M. A., Fesharaki, S. H., & Salmanian, B. (2015) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Candida Albicans
Sandai, D. A. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.73454 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Host responses to Candida albicans. A review.
Zdanavičienė, E., Sakalauskienė, J., Gleiznys, A., Gleiznys, D., & Žilinskas, J. (2017) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a rare diagnosis in paediatric dentistry
Sanghvi, R., Siddik, D., Hullah, E. A., Shah, T., & Carey, B. (2020) · British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.03.025 · Cited by 5 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It most commonly occurs in childhood and is associated with numerous immune disorders [66].”
Background
Mucocutaneous and Deeply Invasive Candidiasis
Shoham, S., Nucci, M., & Walsh, T. J. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00088-4 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, leading to increased mortality rates in invasive infection when compared to other Candida species [155,156].”
Result
Esophageal Candidiasis
Pech, O. (2013) · Video Journal and Encyclopedia of GI Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/s2212-0971(13)70029-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Candidiasis
Curi, A. L. L., Benchimol, E. I., & Vasconcelos-Santos, D. V. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75387-2_121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fungal Gastroduodenitis
Branco, S. C., Ferreira, A. T., Saraiva, S. L., Silva, M. J., & Garcia, T. (2017) · European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine · doi:10.12890/2017_000628 · Cited by 1 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The ulcer mostly heals with antiulcer therapy [99].”
Background

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

[74]Bolognia J. Schaffer J. Cerroni L. Dermatology 4th ed. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2018 Volume 2 978-0-7020-6275-9
[156]Weitkamp J.H. Nania J.J. Infectious Diseases Neonatal Neurology Fenichel G.M. Elsevier Inc. Boston, MA, USA 2007 109 141 9780443067242

Sorted by citations

Invasive candidiasis
Lass‐Flörl, C., Kanj, S. S., Govender, N. P., Thompson, G. R., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L. L., & Govrins, M. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00503-3 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“Each morphological form possesses distinct surface molecules 53 .”
Influential
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Citrus limon Zest Extract: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
Khane, Y., Benouis, K., Albukhaty, S., Sulaiman, G. M., Abomughaid, M. M., Ali, A. A., Aouf, D., Fenniche, F., Khane, S., Chaibi, W., et al. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12122013 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans
Macias-Paz, I. U., Pérez-Hernández, S., Tavera-Tapia, A., Luna-Arias, J. P., Guerra-Cárdenas, J. E., & Reyna-Beltrán, E. (2023) · Revista Argentina de Microbiología · doi:10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…is the main causative agent of candidiasis and the primary fungal infection in adults and pediatric patients 8,66,82 In the USA, it was reported that sepsis caused by C. albicans has a mortality rate of approximately 40%, which is higher than any other sepsis caused by bacteria or fungi 89 .”
Background
Immunity to Invasive Fungal Diseases
Casadevall, A. (2022) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-034306 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Czechowicz, P., Nowicka, J., & Gościniak, G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23115895 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Distribution and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida species from mainland China: A systematic analysis
Bilal, H., Shafiq, M., Hou, B., Islam, R., Khan, M. N., Khan, R. U., & Zeng, Y. (2022) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2123325 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“tropicalis have emerged as health concerns over the past few decades [2].”
Background
Fungal keratitis: Mechanisms of infection and management strategies
Donovan, C. P., Arenas, E., Ayyala, R. S., Margo, C. E., & Espana, E. M. (2021) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.08.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Candida albicans —A systematic review to inform the World Health Organization Fungal Priority Pathogens List
Parambath, S., Dao, A., Kim, H. Y., Zawahir, S., Alastruey‐Izquierdo, A., Tacconelli, E., Govender, N. P., Oladele, R. O., Colombo, A. L., Sorrell, T. C., et al. (2024) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myae045 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“12 , 14 Candida albicans is a significant public health concern, and the understanding of its epidemiology, risk factors, and the development of resistance to antifungal drugs is of great importance.”
Background
The high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway in fungi †
Yaakoub, H., Sanchez, N. S., Ongay-Larios, L., Courdavault, V., Calenda, A., Bouchara, J.-P., Coria, R., & Papon, N. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2021.2011834 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The versatility of C. albicans as a pathogen lies in its ability to undergo morphogenetic transitions in response to the newly encountered environment (Talapko et al. 2021).”
Background
Clinical Manifestations of Human Exposure to Fungi
Oliveira, M. T. D. S., de Oliveira, D. M., Lisboa, C., Boechat, J. L., & Delgado, L. (2023) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9030381 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Non-albicans Candida Species: Immune Response, Evasion Mechanisms, and New Plant-Derived Alternative Therapies
Gómez-Gaviria, M., Ramírez-Sotelo, U., & Mora-Montes, H. M. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof9010011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Recent advances in antifungal drug development targeting lanosterol 14α‐demethylase ( CYP51 ): A comprehensive review with structural and molecular insights
Singh, A., Singh, K., Sharma, A., Kaur, K., Chadha, R., & Bedi, P. M. S. (2023) · Chemical Biology & Drug Design · doi:10.1111/cbdd.14266 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Limonene inhibits virulence associated traits in Candida albicans: In-vitro and in-silico studies
Ahmedi, S., Pant, P., Raj, N., & Manzoor, N. (2022) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100285 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Regulation Impact the Antifungal Resistance and Virulence of Candida spp
Eliaš, D., Tóth Hervay, N., & Gbelská, Y. (2024) · Stresses · doi:10.3390/stresses4040041 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The morphological transition of C. albicans from the yeast form to hyphae is an important trait in the invasion, dissemination and damage of host tissue and is considered to be one of the key virulence factors in C. albicans cells [147,157].”
Antifungal drug resistance in Candida: a special emphasis on amphotericin B
Ahmady, L., Gothwal, M., Mukkoli, M. M., & Bari, V. K. (2024) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13389 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Silver Nanoparticles Prepared Using Encephalartos laurentianus De Wild Leaf Extract Have Inhibitory Activity against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates
Alherz, F. A., Negm, W. A., Elekhnawy, E., El-Masry, T. A., Haggag, E. M., Alqahtani, M. J., & Hussein, I. A. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8101005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“albicans pathogenicity is primarily attributed to numerous virulence factors and their escalating resistance to the current antifungals [30].”
Background
Antifungal Properties of Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Functionalized with Nystatin for the Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation
Nile, S. H., Thombre, D. K., Shelar, A. V., Gosavi, K., Sangshetti, J. N., Zhang, W., Sieniawska, E., Patil, R., & Kai, G. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28041836 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The virulence factors include yeast-to-hyphae transition and biofilm formation [2,4,5].”
Background
The effects of microbiota on reproductive health: A review
Wang, N., Chen, L., Yi, K., Zhang, B., Li, C., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2117784 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“For example, the fungus Candida albicans is a common commensal species in the vagina; in the presence of dysbiosis among vaginal microbiota, C. albicans functions as a pathogen (Talapko et al. 2021).”
Background
Biofilms: structure, resistance mechanism, emerging control strategies, and applications
Ugwu, C. N., Ezeibe, E. N., Emencheta, S. C., Nwagwu, C. S., Ogbonna, K. O., Ejiofor, C. V., Onugwu, A. L., Berebon, D. P., & Attama, A. A. (2025) · RSC Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1039/d5pm00094g · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dermatopathology and the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
Howell, S. A. (2023) · British Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.3389/bjbs.2023.11314 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Superficial candida skin infection tends to occur where the skin is moist such as the axillae, groin, perineum, web spaces, and other skin folds where the conditions permit the yeast to colonise and proliferate (14) (Figure 2).”
Background
A Critical Review on Sustainable Formulation of Anti-quorum Sensing Compounds Using Nanotechnology Principles Against Candida albicans
Varshan, G. S. A., & Namasivayam, S. K. R. (2025) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-024-01685-6 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“There are four types of hydrolase enzymes (protease, lipase, phospholipase, and hemolysis) that perform many critical activities after invasion [15] (Fig.”
Microbiological and molecular aspects of periodontitis pathogenesis: an infection-induced inflammatory condition
Yekani, M., Dastgir, M., Fattahi, S., Shahi, S., Dizaj, S. M., & Memar, M. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1533658 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Recent developments on using nanomaterials to combat Candida albicans
Li, B., Pan, L., Zhang, H., Xie, L., Wang, X., Shou, J., Qi, Y., & Yan, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2021.813973 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Piperine-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles target biofilms and induce oral cancer apoptosis via BCl-2/BAX/P53 pathway
Shaik, M. R., Kandaswamy, K., Guru, A., Khan, H. Z., Giri, J. P., Mallik, S., Shah, M. A., & Arockiaraj, J. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04399-z · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“C. albicans can lead to oral thrush, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, with the potential for systemic infections [7].”
Mucosal Bacteria Modulate Candida albicans Virulence in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Bertolini, M., Vázquez-Muñoz, R., Archambault, L. S., Shah, S., Souza, J. G. S., Costa, R. C., Thompson, A. K., Zhou, Y., Sobue, T., & Dongari‐Bagtzoglou, A. I. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01937-21 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“albicans filamentous growth, in preliminary in vitro experiments, we determined that switching the carbon source from glucose or dextrose to sucrose did not have a significant effect on morphologic transition or hyphal length, which are important factors in mucosal virulence (21) (see Fig.”
Background
Candidiasis: Insights into Virulence Factors, Complement Evasion and Antifungal Drug Resistance
Gaffar, N. R., Valand, N., & Girija, U. V. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13020272 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This can be attributed to several factors such as gene expression levels, pathogenic mechanisms, host interactions, and strain variability [35,38].”
A Putative Role of Candida albicans in Promoting Cancer Development: A Current State of Evidence and Proposed Mechanisms
Talapko, J., Meštrović, T., Dmitrović, B., Juzbašić, M., Matijević, T., Bekić, S., Erić, S., Flam, J., Belić, D., Erić, A. P., et al. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11061476 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
The mycobiome in human cancer: analytical challenges, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic implications
Ding, T., Liu, C., & Li, Z. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02227-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In addition, Candida albicans produces a cytolytic peptide toxin, Candida haemolysin , which can destroy the oral epithelium by activating the mitogen-activating enzyme (MAPK) pathway, thereby triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [201, 202].”
Understanding the multifaceted etiopathogenesis of foot complications in individuals with diabetes
Matijević, T., Talapko, J., Meštrović, T., Matijević, M., Erić, S., Erić, I., & Škrlec, I. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1669 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mood and microbes: a comprehensive review of intestinal microbiota’s impact on depression
Luqman, A., He, M., Hassan, A., Ullah, M., Zhang, L., Khan, M. R., Din, A. U., Ullah, K., Wang, W. J., & Wang, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1295766 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Inhibitory effects of vaginal Lactobacilli on Candida albicans growth, hyphal formation, biofilm development, and epithelial cell adhesion
Takano, T., Kudo, H., Eguchi, S., Matsumoto, A., Oka, K., Yamasaki, Y., Takahashi, M., Koshikawa, T., Takemura, H., Yamagishi, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113401 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“HWP1 is important as a component of the hyphal cell wall and may stabilize biofilms by adhering to yeast cells and hyphae in biofilms, making them highly pathogenic to the host (Zhu and Filler, 2010; Talapko et al., 2021).”
Background
Antifungal and antibiofilm activities of bee venom loaded on chitosan nanoparticles: a novel approach for combating fungal human pathogens
El-Didamony, S. E., Kalaba, M. H., El‐Fakharany, E. M., Sultan, M. H., & Sharaf, M. H. (2022) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-022-03425-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This fungus is frequently found in healthy people’s oral cavities and gastrointestinal tracts, but it can cause serious disease (Talapko et al. 2021).”
Background
The anti-fungal effect of miconazole and miconazole-loaded chitosan nanoparticles gels in diabetic patients with Oral candidiasis-randomized control clinical trial and microbiological analysis
Gamil, Y., Hamed, M. G., Elsayed, M. M., Essawy, A. M., Mohamed, S. M., Zayed, S., & Ismail, R. M. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-03952-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This superficial pseudo membrane can be rubbed off by gentle rubbing of lesion leaving an erythematous area, while erythematous candidiasis is manifested as painful localized erythema-tous area [28], oropharyngeal candidiasis was diagnosed by using a tongue depressor and headlight.”
Background
Pathophysiological microenvironments in oral candidiasis
Jørgensen, M. R. (2024) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13412 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“C. albicans bioﬁlms develop through several consecutive phases, commencing with adherence of plank-tonic yeast cells to the substrate [39, 53].”
Influential
The impact of bioactive textiles on human skin microbiota
Oliveira, C. S., & Tavaria, F. K. (2023) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.05.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Encephalartos villosus Lem. Displays a Strong In Vivo and In Vitro Antifungal Potential against Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates
Alqahtani, M. J., Elekhnawy, E., Negm, W. A., Mahgoub, S., & Hussein, I. A. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8050521 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, it is also an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing superficial and disseminated lifethreatening infections such as candidemia [2].”
Background
Oral prosthetic microbiology: Aspects related to the oral microbiome, Surface Properties, and strategies for controlling biofilms
Monteiro, D. R., de Souza Batista, V. E., Caldeirão, A. C. M., Jacinto, R. D. C., & Pessan, J. P. (2021) · Biofouling · doi:10.1080/08927014.2021.1912741 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The cellular dimorphism found in C. albicans explains its greater pathogenic potential, i.e. hyphae adhere and invade the porosities and microcracks of the acrylic resin, and penetrate the mucous tissues (Ramage et al. 2004; Gendreau and Loewy 2011; Talapko et al. 2021).”
Background
Artemisinins inhibit oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans through the repression on its hyphal development
Liang, X., Chen, D., Wang, J., Liao, B., Shen, J., Ye, X., Wang, Z., Zhu, C., Gou, L., Zhou, X., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.1038/s41368-023-00245-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“albicans can induce the superficial infection in skin or oral cavity, but it can also cause the systematic infection, such as candidemia.(8) Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infectious disease in oral cavity, especially in elderly population, newborn, denture wearers, AIDs patients and head neck cancer patie…”
Background
Global Epidemiology of Invasive Infections by Uncommon Candida Species: A Systematic Review
Pinho, S., Miranda, I. M., & Costa‐de‐Oliveira, S. (2024) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof10080558 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Candida albicans is the most frequent species that causes invasive infections with severe repercussions on patient prognosis, morbidity, and mortality and the economic health system [10].”
Background
The Impact of Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis on the Aetiology, Pathogenesis, and Development of Oral Cancer
Talapko, J., Erić, S., Meštrović, T., Mravak‐Stipetić, M., Juzbašić, M., Katalinić, D., Bekić, S., Muršić, D., Flam, J., Belić, D., et al. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16172997 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“At the same time, further invasion into the tissue is favored by hydrolytic exoenzymes [182,183].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Risk of candidiasis associated with interleukin-17 inhibitors: Implications and management
Bilal, H., Khan, M. N., Khan, S., Fang, W., Chang, W., Yin, B., Song, N., Liu, Z., Zhang, D., Yao, F., et al. (2023) · Mycology&#58 An International Journal on Fungal Biology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2023.2265664 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The Candida infections are more common on the body’s mucosal surfaces, including the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract (Talapko et al. 2021).”
Background
Invasive Candida Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Risk Factors and New Insights in Prevention
Dermitzaki, N., Baltogianni, M. S., Tsekoura, E., & Giapros, V. I. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13080660 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Invasive infections are often associated with the formation of bioﬁlms on tissues or implanted medical devices [23,24,26].”
Background
Phytochemical analysis, antiproliferative and antifungal activities of different Syzygium aromaticum solvent extracts
Mostafa, A. A.-F., Yassin, M. T., Al-Askar, A. A., & Al-Otibi, F. O. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102362 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Candida diagnostic techniques: a review
Arafa, S., Elbanna, K., Osman, G. E. H., & Abulreesh, H. H. (2023) · Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43994-023-00049-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
New insights into immunity to skin fungi shape our understanding of health and disease
Ruchti, F., & LeibundGut‐Landmann, S. (2023) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/pim.12948 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“albicans.(96) Discussing them in detail here would exceed the scope of this review.”
Background
Gut Mycobiome: Latest Findings and Current Knowledge Regarding Its Significance in Human Health and Disease
Gașpar, B. S., Roşu, O. A., Enache, R. M., Profir, M., Pavelescu, L. A., & Creţoiu, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11050333 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“It can exacerbate inflammation by penetrating the mucosal barrier in its hyphal form [112–114].”
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Superficial, Skin, and Mucosal Fungal Infections: An Update
da Silva, L. B. B., Castilho, I. G., Silva, F. A. D. S., Ghannoum, M. A., Garcia, M. T., & do Carmo, P. H. F. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13061406 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“These species exhibit high adaptability to various host environments and can cause a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations—from superficial mucocutaneous infections to invasive bloodstream infections [82,83].”
Envisaging Antifungal Potential of Histatin 5: A Physiological Salivary Peptide
Sharma, P., Chaudhary, M., Khanna, G., Rishi, P., & Kaur, I. P. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7121070 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Development, optimization, and evaluation of a nanostructured lipid carrier of sesame oil loaded with miconazole for the treatment of oral candidiasis
Hosny, K. M., Sindi, A. M., Ali, S. A., Alharbi, W. S., Hajjaj, M. S., Bukhary, H. A., Badr, M. Y., Mushtaq, R. Y., Murshid, S. S. A., Almehmady, A. M., et al. (2022) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2021.2023703 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Promising Antifungal Activity of Encephalartos laurentianus de Wild against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects on Renal Cortex of Adult Albino Rats
Negm, W. A., El‐Aasr, M., Attia, G., Alqahtani, M. J., Yassien, R. I., Kamer, A. M. A., & Elekhnawy, E. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8050426 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Assessment of Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Hemocultures and Their Role in Pathogenesis in the Zebrafish Model
Pokhrel, S., Boonmee, N., Tulyaprawat, O., Pharkjaksu, S., Thaipisuttikul, I., Chairatana, P., Ngamskulrungroj, P., & Mitrpant, C. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8101014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“During this process, virulence characteristics, namely, the transition between yeast and hyphal forms; biofilm formation; the secretion of enzymes such as phospholipases and proteinases; the expression of adhesins and invasins on the cell surface; and phenotypic switching, are crucial to establishing infection [5].”
Background
P. aeruginosa interactions with other microbes in biofilms during co-infection
Oliveira, M., Cunha, E. S., Tavares, L. M., & Serrano, I. D. (2023) · AIMS Microbiology · doi:10.3934/microbiol.2023032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“albicans can be found in superficial mucocutaneous disorders, in parenteral nutrition feeding tubes [77], in denture stomatitis [73] and dental caries [72], and in CF [226].”
Background
Candida albicans skin infection in diabetic patients: An updated review of pathogenesis and management
Shahabudin, S., Azmi, N. S., Lani, M. N., Mukhtar, M., & Hossain, M. S. (2024) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13753 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“23 26 Many medical conditions, including diabetes, can weaken cellular immunity and increase susceptibility to infectious agents such as ubiquitous C. albicans .”
Background
Characterization of Candida species isolated from clinical specimens: insights into virulence traits, antifungal resistance and molecular profiles
Makled, A. F., Ali, S. A. M., Labeeb, A. Z., Salman, S. S., Shebl, D. Z. M., Hegazy, S. G., & Sabal, M. S. E. S. (2024) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-024-03515-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Our findings, supported by Talapko et al. [36] and Tulasidas et al. [37], highlighted a correlation between Candida isolation sites and virulence factor expression.”
Result
Biofilms and oral health: nanotechnology for biofilm control
Govindarajan, D. K., Mohanarangam, M., Kadirvelu, L., Sivaramalingam, S. S., Jothivel, D., Ravichandran, A., Periasamy, S., & Kandaswamy, K. (2025) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-025-04299-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Conditions such as xerostomia (dry mouth) and neutropenia further increase susceptibility to C. albicans infection [350].”
Deciphering internal and external factors influencing intestinal junctional complexes
Markovich, Z., Abreu, A., Sheng, Y., Han, S. M., & Xiao, R. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2389320 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“148 In a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis, supplementation with C. albicans has been found to worsen colitis severity and heighten intestinal barrier permeability.”
Background
Tuning the toughness, strength, and biological properties of functionally graded alumina/titania-based composites for use in bone repair applications
Youness, R. A., Sawan, S. E. A., Wassel, A. R., Ward, A. A., El-Kheshen, A. A., Al-Ashkar, E. A., & Taha, M. A. (2024) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.09.213 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
1,2,3‐Triazole Derivatives as an Emerging Scaffold for Antifungal Drug Development against Candida albicans: A Comprehensive Review
Singh, A., Singh, K., Sharma, A., Joshi, K., Singh, B., Sharma, S., Batra, K., Kaur, K., Singh, D., Chadha, R., et al. (2023) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202300024 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Comparative Review of Eugenol and Citral Anticandidal Mechanisms: Partners in Crimes Against Fungi
Shahina, Z., & Dahms, T. E. S. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29235536 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The major opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans typically resides on and within the human host as a commensal organism, but overgrowth of the natural host niche can lead to debilitating mucosal infections and systemic bloodborne infections associated with significant mortality [1].”
Candida albicans: the current status regarding vaginal infections
Faustino, M., Ferreira, C., Pereira, A. M., & CARVALHO, A. P. F. D. (2025) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-025-13478-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…from harmless to pathogenic under certain conditions such as microbiota dysbiosis, impaired immune system, damage to the skin or mucosal barriers, changes in environmental pH or nutrient availability, and virulence gene expression by the fungus (Fidel 1999; Talapko et al. 2021; Jacobsen 2023).”
The Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of Caffeine against Candida albicans on Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Material
AlEraky, D. M., Abuohashish, H. M., Gad, M. M., Alshuyukh, M. H., Bugshan, A., Almulhim, K. S., & Mahmoud, M. M. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10092078 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“albicans are responsible for the advanced fungal infections in the oral cavity and digestive tract, in addition to mucocutaneous, systemic, and invasive infections [2].”
Background
Beta vulgaris Assisted Fabrication of Novel Ag-Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Growth Inhibition and Virulence in Candida albicans
Kamli, M. R., Malik, M. A., Lone, S. A., Sabir, J. S. M., Mattar, E. H., & Ahmad, A. (2021) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13111957 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Unveiling the complexity of early childhood caries: Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cooperative strategies in carbohydrate metabolism and virulence
Jin, P., Wang, L., Chen, D.-Z., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2339161 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Nystatin, an antifungal agent with both fungicidal and fungistatic properties, is commonly used topically in dentistry [72].”
Background
Unveiling the mechanism of action of acylated temporin L analogues against multidrug-resistant Candida albicans
Bellavita, R., Falanga, A., Merlino, F., D’Auria, G., Molfetta, N., Saviano, A., Μaione, F., Galdiero, U., Catania, M. R., Galdiero, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1080/14756366.2022.2134359 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Dec-1B labelled with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein was used to investi-”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Increasing the Efficacy of Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus–Candida albicans Mixed Infections with Myrtenol
Mahmoud, R. Y., Trizna, E. Y., Sulaiman, R. K., Pavelyev, R. S., Gilfanov, I. R., Lisovskaya, S. А., Ostolopovskaya, O. V., Фролова, Л. Л., Kutchin, A. V., Гусева, Г. Б., et al. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121743 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
In Vitro Assessment of Antifungal and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Commercial Mouthwashes against Candida albicans
Korbecka-Paczkowska, M., & Karpiński, T. M. M. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13020117 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Oral Candidal Colonization in Patients with Different Prosthetic Appliances
Devčić, M. K., Simonić‐Kocijan, S., Prpić, J., Pasković, I., Ćabov, T., Kovač, Z., & Glažar, I. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7080662 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
HPLC in the discovery of plant phenolics as antifungal molecules against Candida infection related biofilms
Jaiswal, N., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2022.107572 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Photodynamic inactivation of different Candida species and inhibition of biofilm formation induced by water-soluble porphyrins
Amorim, C. F., Iglesias, B. A., Pinheiro, T. D. R., Lacerda, L. E., Sokolonski, A. R., Pedreira, B. O., Moreira, K. S., Burgo, T. A. L., Meyer, R., Azevedo, V., et al. (2023) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103343 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Anticandidal applications of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized with Limosilactobacillus fermentum (OR553490)
Mohamed, E. A., & El‐Zahed, M. M. (2024) · Discover Nano · doi:10.1186/s11671-024-04055-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Throughout the past few decades, it has consistently been the main contributor to invasive infections that can be fatal [8].”
Background
Oleanolic acid derivatives against drug-resistant bacteria and fungi by multi-targets to avoid drug resistance
Wei, M.-Z., Wang, Z.-J., Zhu, Y.-Y., Zu, W.-B., Zhao, Y., & Luo, X.-D. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116940 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Small, Cationic Antifungal Proteins from Filamentous Fungi Inhibit Candida albicans Growth in 3D Skin Infection Models
Holzknecht, J., Dubrac, S., Hedtrich, S., Galgóczy, L., & Marx, F. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00299-22 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“and systemic treatment may be needed, whereupon the less-tolerated polyene amphotericin B is administered in salvage therapy (9, 13).”
Background
Zinc oxide nanoparticles functionalized with cinnamic acid for targeting dental pathogens receptor and modulating apoptotic genes in human oral epidermal carcinoma KB cells
Ravikumar, O. V., Marunganathan, V., Kumar, M. S. K., Mohan, M., Shaik, M. R., Shaik, B., Guru, A., & Mat, K. B. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-09289-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Antifungal potential of plant-based extracts against Candida species: values, safety concerns, and possible applications
Esmaeili, A., Saleh, I., & Abu‐Dieyeh, M. H. (2025) · Phytochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11101-025-10093-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Once adhesion occurs, bioﬁlm development progresses through cell proliferation (ﬁlamentation), morphological changes, and EPS production, all of which shape the bioﬁlm’s ﬁnal structure (Cavalheiro and Teixeira 2018; Pereira et al. 2021; Talapko et al. 2021).”
A Comprehensive Overview of Candida albicans as the Leading Pathogen in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Srb, N., Talapko, J., Meštrović, T., Fureš, R., Stupnišek, M., Srb, A. M., & Škrlec, I. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11090632 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“At the same time, the last phase involves the dispersion of non-adherent cells, which may disseminate and form novel biofilms [14].”
Self-citation
Mycobiota in the Carposphere of Sour and Sweet Cherries and Antagonistic Features of Potential Biocontrol Yeasts
Stanevičienė, R., Lukša, J., Strazdaitė‐Žielienė, Ž., Ravoitytė, B., Losinska, R., Mozūraitis, R., & Servienė, E. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071423 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Candidemia in Internal Medicine: Facing the New Challenge
Brescini, L., Mazzanti, S., Morroni, G., Pallotta, F., Masucci, A., Orsetti, E., Montalti, R., & Barchiesi, F. (2022) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/s11046-022-00624-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“of hydrolytic enzymes which make it more pathogenic than other species [18].”
Background
Antibiofilm Activity of Essential Fatty Acids Against Candida albicans from Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Bloodstream Infections
Wang, S., Wang, P., Liu, J., Yang, C., Wang, Q., Su, M., Wei, M., & Gu, L. (2022) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s373991 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Introduction Candida species are the most common human fungal pathogens.(1,2) Although clinical infections caused by non-albicans Candida spp.”
Background
Identification of Sesamin from Sesamum indicum as a Potent Antifungal Agent Using an Integrated in Silico and Biological Screening Platform
Wadhwa, K., Kaur, H., Kapoor, N., & Brogi, S. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28124658 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Innate Lymphoid Cells and Their Role in the Immune Response to Infections
Fol, M., Karpik, W., Zabłotni, A., Kulesza, J., Kulesza, E., Godkowicz, M., & Druszczyńska, M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13040335 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“C. albicans’ pathogenic properties include biofilm formation and phenotypic switching [149].”
Background
Extracellular Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Filamentous Fungi
Răut, I., Constantin, M., Bunghez, I.-R., Firincă, C., Alexandrescu, E., Gîfu, I. C., Doni, M. B., Zamfir, L.-G., Gurban, A., & Jecu, L. (2024) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof10110798 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…ed as belonging to diketopiperazine, benzodiazepine, quino-line alkaloids, clavine ergot alkaloids, polycyclic indole alkaloids, amino acid derivatives, polyketides, and terpenes (andrastins and phomenone) [56]. groups, respectively, bind to the positive charge of the nanoparticle surface [53,54].”
The Hidden Fortress: A Comprehensive Review of Fungal Biofilms with Emphasis on Cryptococcus neoformans
Pruitt, H. M., Zhu, J., Riley, S. P., & Shi, M. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11030236 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The symptoms of candidiasis range from mild conditions like oral skin rashes and genital infections to severe cases with fever, chills, and, potentially, organ failure [16,232].”
Role of Candida albicans in chronic inflammation and the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Malavika, G., Ravi, S. S. S., Datchanamoorthy, M., Vajravelu, L. K., Lathakumari, R. H., & S, L. P. K. (2025) · Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.cpt.2025.03.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Key fungal coinfections: epidemiology, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and beyond
da Silva, D. L., Peres, N. T. A., & Santos, D. A. (2025) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00562-25 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Virulence factors, biofilm formation and antifungal resistance in Candida albicans from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis patients: a comparative study
Yan, C., Zhang, J., Yang, Y., Zeng, X.-H., & Xiao, G. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-21846-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Growing importance of urogenital candidiasis in individuals with diabetes: A narrative review
Talapko, J., Meštrović, T., & Škrlec, I. (2022) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v13.i10.809 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Alterations in the Level of Ergosterol in Candida albicans’ Plasma Membrane Correspond with Changes in Virulence and Result in Triggering Diversed Inflammatory Response
Derkacz, D., & Krasowska, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043966 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
DNA compaction enhances the sensitivity of fluorescence-based nucleic acid assays: a game changer in point of care sensors?
Sudarsan, S., Prabhu, A., Prasad, D., & Mani, N. K. (2023) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/d3an00102d · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fungal coexistence in the skin mycobiome: a study involving Malassezia, Candida, and Rhodotorula
Naik, B., Sasikumar, J., Vishal, B., & Das, S. P. (2024) · AMB Express · doi:10.1186/s13568-024-01674-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Candida albicans is the most prevalent opportunistic fungus, which is also commensal in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts (Talapko et al. 2021).”
Background
Artemisinin May Disrupt Hyphae Formation by Suppressing Biofilm-Related Genes of Candida albicans: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches
Şumlu, E., Aydın, M., Korucu, E. N., Alyar, S., & Nsangou, A. M. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13040310 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“However, these species can cause severe invasive mucosal and systemic infections with high mortality rates in immunocompromised hosts [1,2].”
Background
Nanoemulsions of essential oils against multi-resistant microorganisms: An integrative review
Brito, G. S., Dutra, R. P., Pereira, A. L. F., Ferreira, A. G. N., Neto, M. S., Holanda, C. A., & Fidelis, Q. C. (2024) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106837 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zn2+ and Cu2+ Binding to the Extramembrane Loop of Zrt2, a Zinc Transporter of Candida albicans
Bellotti, D., Miller, A., Rowińska‐Żyrek, M., & Remelli, M. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12010121 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“in immunocompromised individuals: it is the most common cause of urinary tract, genital, and oral yeast infections, and it can develop antimicrobial resistance and lead to severe systemic and potentially life-threatening candidemia (invasive candidiasis) [3].”
Background
GRUPO TUTORIAL COMO FERRAMENTA PEDAGÓGICA NO PROCESSO DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Bezerra, T. B., da Penha, A. A. G., da Silva, A. K. A., Ferreira, M. S., Lavor, S. D. F., Mendes, S. C., Quirino, G. D. S., & Pinto, A. G. A. (2022) · Paulo Sérgio da Paz Silva Filho eBooks · doi:10.56161/sci.ed.20221028c13 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Deciphering the oxidative stress response in Candida albicans
Arribas, V., Gil, C., & Molero, G. (2025) · Fungal Biology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2025.100427 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Forty years of global research on WHO’s four critical priority fungal pathogens: Advances and prospects
Tan, C., Wu, A., & Li, C. (2025) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102947 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Repositioning Antimicrobial Peptides Against WHO‐Priority Fungi
Roque‐Borda, C. A., Medina‐Alarcón, K. P., Pereira, J. P. S. G., Sevilhano, T. C. D. A., Aguilar‐Morón, B., Díaz‐Cárdenas, F., da Cruz, L. S., Júnior, F. H. X., Vicente, E. F., Perdigão, J., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202509567 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
In-vitro evaluation of virulence markers and antifungal resistance of clinical Candida albicans strains isolated from Karachi, Pakistan
Jabeen, G., Naz, S. A., Rangel, D. E. N., Jabeen, N., Shafique, M., & Yasmeen, K. (2023) · Fungal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Aromatic Oil Components and Antifungal Effects of Cymbopogon flexuosus Obtained with Supercritical CO2, Microwave–Ultrasonic, Steam Distillation, and Hydrodistillation Extraction Techniques
Jaradat, N. A. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28196870 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Candida albicans is a primary cause of nosocomial infections with mortality rates frequently exceeding 40 percent despite therapy [4,5].”
Background
Antifungal efficacy of Citrusfusion mediated silver nanoparticles in Candida species
Harine, A., Ranjani, S., & Hemalatha, S. (2025) · BMC Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12896-025-00952-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“C. tropicalis , recognized as the second most virulent Candida species, normally colonizes skin and nails but can instigate skin infections [2, 3].”
Linking quinoline ring to 5-nitrofuran moiety via sulfonyl hydrazone bridge: Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT studies, and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity
Doğan, Ş. D., Özcan, E., Çetinkaya, Y., Han, M. İ., Şahın, O., Bogojević, S. Š., Runic, J. N., & Gündüz, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136155 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Authors: Talapko, J., Juzbašić, M., Matijević, T., Pustijanac, E., Bekić, S., Kotris, I., & Škrlec, I.
Affiliations: University of Osijek (HR)
Klinički bolnički centar Osijek (HR)
Juraj Dobrila University of Pula (HR)
Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia
Corresponding author: Škrlec, Ivana
ORCID: Talapko, Jasminka
Juzbašić, Martina
Matijević, Tatjana
Pustijanac, Emina
Škrlec, Ivana
Venue: Journal of Fungi
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2021-01-22
Volume: 7
Issue: 2
Pages: 79
ISSN: 2309-608X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079
PMC: PMC7912069
OpenAlex: W3124481512
Cited by: 794
References: 175
Citations by year: 2026: 149 · 2025: 231 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 89 · 2021: 15
FWCI: 12.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Fungi (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
Keywords: Candida albicans, virulence factors, candidiasis, oral candidiasis, invasive candidiasis, candidemia, commensalism, dysbiosis, mucosal barrier, host immune response, opportunistic fungal infection, clinical features

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Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection

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