Farming with crops and rocks to address global climate, food and soil security
Open accessAbstract
The magnitude of future climate change could be moderated by immediately reducing the amount of CO 2 entering the atmosphere as a result of energy generation and by adopting strategies that actively remove CO 2 from it. Biogeochemical improvement of soils by adding crushed, fast-reacting silicate rocks to croplands is one such CO 2-removal strategy. This approach has the potential to improve crop production, increase protection from pests and diseases, and restore soil fertility and structure. Managed croplands worldwide are already equipped for frequent rock dust additions to soils, making rapid adoption at scale feasible, and the potential benefits could generate financial incentives for widespread adoption in the agricultural sector. However, there are still obstacles to be surmounted. Audited field-scale assessments of the efficacy of CO 2 capture are urgently required together with detailed environmental monitoring. A cost-effective way to meet the rock requirements for CO 2 removal must be found, possibly involving the recycling of silicate waste materials. Finally, issues of public perception, trust and acceptance must also be addressed.
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Yield enhancement from enhanced weathering is unlikely to originate directly from increases in soil carbon, but from nutrient uptake facilitated by pH effects.
“This yield enhancement is unlikely to originate directly from increases in soil carbon, but from nutrient uptake that is facilitated by pH effects 57 .”
From The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
In “Crop production and protection” (page unavailable), the paper says that reversing soil acidification improves nutrient uptake and crop yields, supporting the pH-related mechanism. But “Rocks for food and soil security” says increased soil organic carbon benefits yields and that the long-term carbon effects of applying silicate rocks remain unknown. It does not establish that soil-carbon increases are unlikely to contribute directly to the yield enhancement. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCo-deployment of ERW with feedstock crops for BECCS and biochar could enhance the feasibility and carbon sequestration potential of these strategies.
“Co-deployment of ERW with feedstock crops for BECCS and biochar could enhance the feasibility and carbon sequestration potential of these strategies 4,26 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Targeted amendment of agricultural soils for CO2 removal may have a role in slowing rates of soil loss by up to 45%, with the accelerated weathering of added minerals replacing inorganic nutrients and resultant formation of clays and mineral organic aggregates increasing the cation exchange capacity and water storage capacity of rebuilt soils.
“Targeted amendment of agricultural soils for CO2 removal may have a role in slowing rates of soil loss by up to 45%, with the accelerated weathering of added minerals replacing inorganic nutrients and resultant formation of clays and mineral organic aggregates increasing the cation exchange capacity and water storage capacity of rebuilt soils 4,20 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Requirement for mining may be further reduced by utilizing artificial silicate by-products from industrial processes, including calcium-rich silicates produced by iron and steel manufacturing (slags) with a long history of agricultural usage.
“Requirement for mining may be further reduced by utilizing artificial silicate by-products from industrial processes 37,38 , including calcium-rich silicates produced by iron and steel manufacturing (slags) with a long history of agricultural usage 4,39 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
A baseline application rate of 40 t ha−1 yr−1 falls within the range of basalt amendments shown to improve crop production in field trials.
“Using this modelling framework, we analysed a baseline application rate of 40 t ha -1 yr -1 (equivalent to a <2 mm layer of rock powder distributed on croplands), which falls within the range of basalt amendments shown to improve crop production in field trials 4 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Innovative 'climate-smart' farming practices can be designed with ERW to draw down CO2 and other greenhouse gases while recycling nutrients, aiding soil water storage, and supporting crop production.
“Innovative 'climate-smart' farming practices can be designed with ERW to draw down CO2 and other greenhouse gases while recycling nutrients, aiding soil water storage, and supporting crop production 4,18,20 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
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The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal
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Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands
Beerling, D. J., Kantzas, E. P., Lomas, M. R., Wade, P., Eufrasio, R. M., Renforth, P., Sarkar, B., Andrews, M. G., James, R. H., Pearce, C. R., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2448-9 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Overview of the Status and Challenges of CO2 Storage in Minerals and Geological Formations
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“Grinding ultramafic and mafic rocks to sizes smaller than mine tailing sizes and spreading them over agricultural soil, forest soil, or along beaches is another possibility for CO2 removal (Figure 2) (e.g., Schuiling and Krijgsman, 2006; Renforth et al., 2015; Edwards et al., 2017; Kantola et al., 2017; Beerling et al…”
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Self-citationPotential CO2 removal from enhanced weathering by ecosystem responses to powdered rock
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Building materials could store more than 16 billion tonnes of CO <sub>2</sub> annually
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Cropping With Slag to Address Soil, Environment, and Food Security
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- Authors
- Beerling, D. J., Leake, J. R., Long, S. P., Scholes, J. D., Ton, J., Nelson, P. N., Bird, M., Kantzas, E., Taylor, L. L., Sarkar, B., Kelland, M., DeLucia, E., Kantola, I., Müller, C., Rau, G., & Hansen, J.
- Affiliations
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation (GB)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- James Cook University (AU)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beerling, David J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Plants
- Published
- 2018-02-19
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 138-147
- ISSN
- 2055-026X (ISSN-L)
- 2055-0278
- OpenAlex
- W2790468288
- Cited by
- 480
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 3.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-05-25)
- Open access
- green
- eprints.lancs.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Plants (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (acceptedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Leverhulme Trust
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/P006698/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (322998)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Silicon Effects in Agriculture
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Keywords
- rock powder, soil carbon sequestration, carbon dioxide removal, climate change mitigation, soil fertility, soil structure, crop productivity, pest and disease protection, public acceptance, food security, soil security
- MeSH terms
- Crop Production, Food Supply, Soil, Climate Change
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