Sex, Gender, and the Work-to-Family Interface: Exploring Negative and Positive Interdependencies
Abstract
This study of full-time managers and professionals examined whether variables selected from theories of the psychology of gender as well as identity, boundary, and role theories explained effects of sex on work-to-family conflict and “positive spillover.” Women experienced higher positive spillover than men, primarily because they were higher in femininity. Although women did not experience different levels of conflict than men, individuals who scored higher on measured family role salience, which was positively related to femininity, experienced lower levels of conflict. Role segmentation not only reduced conflict but also had the unintended consequence of reducing positive spillover.
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Powell and Greenhaus's (2010) study found that segmentation enactment had the benefits of reducing work-to-family conflict and positive work-to-family spillover.
“Powell and Greenhaus's (2010) pre-Covid study which found that segmentation enactment (such as in this case with the 4DWW) had the benefits of reducing both work-to-family conflict and positive work-to-family spillover.”
From The four-day workweek in Australia: insights from early adopters of the 100:80:100 model (2026) · cites this paper as Powell and Greenhaus, 2010
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MISRA, S. B., Ghosh, R., & KANUNGO, R. N. (1990) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022190212006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Major, D. A., & Cleveland, J. N. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753378.ch3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Murphy, T. E., & Zandvakili, S. (2000) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-050x(200021)39:1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Interaction: A Reexamination
Canary, D. J., & Dindia, K. (2009) · doi:10.4324/9780203873380-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Butts, M. M., Becker, W. J., & Boswell, W. R. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0170 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Impacts of job control on overtime and stress: Cases in the United States and South Korea
Kim, S., Kwon, K., & Wang, J. (2022) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1757738 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mascarenhas, M., Carvalho, V. S., Moretto, C. F., & Chambel, M. J. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18178-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The four-day workweek in Australia: insights from early adopters of the 100:80:100 model
Hopkins, J., Bardoel, E. A., & Djurkovic, N. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07536-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This is in line with Powell and Greenhaus ’ s (2010) pre-Covid study, which found that segmentation enactment (such as in this case with the 4DWW) had the bene fi ts of reducing both work-to-family con fl ict and positive work-to-family spillover.”
- Authors
- Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- Venue
- Academy of Management Journal
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 513-534
- ISSN
- 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-0989
- OpenAlex
- W2000658880
- Cited by
- 433
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 75.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Keywords
- work-to-family conflict, positive spillover, gender differences, femininity, boundary theory, identity theory, work-family interface
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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