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Cited by 124Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesLGBTQ Health, Identity, and PolicyHomicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse

Antecedents and sex/gender differences in youth suicidal behavior

Open access
Rhodes, Anne E·2014·World Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.120PMC PMC4274584
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Abstract

Suicide is the second leading cause of death in youth globally; however, there is uncertainty about how best to intervene. Suicide rates are typically higher in males than females, while the converse is true for suicide attempts. We review this "gender paradox" in youth, and in particular, the age-dependency of these sex/gender differences and the developmental mechanisms that may explain them. Epidemiologic, genetic, neurodevelopmental and psychopathological research have identified suicidal behaviour risks arising from genetic vulnerabilities and sex/gender differences in early adverse environments, neurodevelopment, mental disorder and their complex interconnections. Further, evolving sex-/gender-defined social expectations and norms have been thought to influence suicide risk. In particular, how youth perceive and cope with threats and losses (including conforming to others' or one's own expectations of sex/gender identity) and adapt to pain (through substance use and help-seeking behaviours). Taken together, considering brain plasticity over the lifespan, these proposed antecedents to youth suicide highlight the importance of interventions that alter early environment(s) (e.g., childhood maltreatment) and/or one's ability to adapt to them. Further, such interventions may have more enduring protective effects, for the individual and for future generations, if implemented in youth.

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  • A gender paradox exists in that suicide rates among young males are roughly three times higher than suicide rates in females, whereas rates of suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and non-fatal suicide attempts are higher in females.

    “A gender paradox exists in that suicide rates among young males are roughly three times higher than suicide rates in females, whereas rates of suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and non-fatal suicide attempts are higher in females.”

    From Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention (2023) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Problem section says youth suicide rates are at least 2–3 times higher in boys than girls in developed countries, and the Suicide attempts section reports higher prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in girls aged 12–24. The paper describes this as a gender paradox, but our copy does not establish higher rates of suicide plans in females; the stated rate comparison is also limited to developed countries. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Joiner T. Why do people die by suicide? Cambridge: Har- vard University Press, 2005 130

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Related

Authors
Rhodes, A. E.
Affiliations
Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (CA)
Corresponding author
Rhodes, Anne E
Venue
World Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
Published
2014
Volume
4
Issue
4
Pages
120
ISSN
2220-3206 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.120
PMC
PMC4274584
OpenAlex
W2171985492
Cited by
124
References
144
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • World Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Keywords
youth suicide, sex and gender differences, gender paradox, suicide attempts, suicide risk factors, brain development, genetic susceptibility, child abuse, social norms, substance use, help-seeking, neuroplasticity, developmental mechanisms, suicide prevention interventions

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