Different simultaneous sleep states in the hippocampus and neocortex
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Investigators assign sleep-waking states using brain activity collected from a single site, with the assumption that states occur at the same time throughout the brain. We sought to determine if sleep-waking states differ between two separate structures: the hippocampus and neocortex. METHODS: We measured electrical signals (electroencephalograms and electromyograms) during sleep from the hippocampus and neocortex of five freely behaving adult male rats. We assigned sleep-waking states in 10-sec epochs based on standard scoring criteria across a 4-h recording, then analyzed and compared states and signals from simultaneous epochs between sites. RESULTS: We found that the total amount of each state, assigned independently using the hippocampal and neocortical signals, was similar between the hippocampus and neocortex. However, states at simultaneous epochs were different as often as they were the same (P = 0.82). Furthermore, we found that the progression of states often flowed through asynchronous state-pairs led by the hippocampus. For example, the hippocampus progressed from transition-to-rapid eye movement sleep to rapid eye movement sleep before the neocortex more often than in synchrony with the neocortex (38.7 ± 16.2% versus 15.8 ± 5.6% mean ± standard error of the mean). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that hippocampal and neocortical sleep-waking states often differ in the same epoch. Consequently, electrode location affects estimates of sleep architecture, state transition timing, and perhaps even percentage of time in sleep states. Therefore, under normal conditions, models assuming brain state homogeneity should not be applied to the sleeping or waking brain.
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Hippocampus often enters REM sleep while cortical areas remain in SWS.
“the hippocampus often enters REM sleep while cortical areas still remain in SWS”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
The paper reports that, in rats, the hippocampus often entered REM before the neocortex. But the illustrated simultaneous state, described in “The Hippocampus and Neocortex Can Simultaneously Exist in Different Sleep States” and Figure 3 (page unavailable), is hippocampal REM with neocortical transition-to-REM (TR), not neocortical SWS. The claim therefore overstates which cortical state remained when hippocampal REM began. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Emrick, J. J., Gross, B. A., Riley, B. T., & Poe, G. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Columbia Basin College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Poe, Gina R.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-12-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2201-2209
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC5103808
- OpenAlex
- W2537313490
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 2.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060670)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- hippocampus, neocortex, sleep architecture, state transitions, REM sleep onset, electrode placement, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electroencephalography, Hippocampus, Male, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Wakefulness, Neocortex, Rats
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