Dissociable learning-dependent changes in REM and non-REM sleep in declarative and procedural memory systems
Abstract
Sleep spindles and rapid eye movements have been found to increase following an intense period of learning on a combination of procedural memory tasks. It is not clear whether these changes are task specific, or the result of learning in general. The current study investigated changes in spindles, rapid eye movements, K-complexes and EEG spectral power following learning in good sleepers randomly assigned to one of four learning conditions: Pursuit Rotor (n=9), Mirror Tracing (n=9), Paired Associates (n=9), and non-learning controls (n=9). Following Pursuit Rotor learning, there was an increase in the duration of Stage 2 sleep, spindle density (number of spindles/min), average spindle duration, and an increase in low frequency sigma power (12-14Hz) at occipital regions during SWS and at frontal regions during Stage 2 sleep in the second half of the night. These findings are consistent with previous findings that Pursuit Rotor learning is consolidated during Stage 2 sleep, and provide additional data to suggest that spindles across all non-REM stages may be a mechanism for brain plasticity. Following Paired Associates learning, theta power increased significantly at central regions during REM sleep. This study provides the first evidence that REM sleep theta activity is involved in declarative memory consolidation. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that brain plasticity during sleep does not involve a unitary process; that is, different types of learning have unique sleep-related memory consolidation mechanisms that act in dissociable brain regions at different times throughout the night.
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Well-controlled sleep studies conducted with healthy adults have shown that better sleep is associated with superior cognitive functions, including better learning and memory.
“Well-controlled sleep studies conducted with healthy adults have shown that better sleep is associated with a myriad of superior cognitive functions,1–6 including better learning and memory.7,8”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
Training on motor tasks increases time spent in stage 2 and density of fast (but not slow) spindles.
“Training on motor tasks increased the time spent in stage 2 and the density of fast (but not slow) spindles (399, 837, 920, 921, 1173, 1174), and sleep stage 2 duration and fast spindle density also predicted sleep-dependent improvements in a finger tapping task (59,961,1285,1286).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [399]
In humans, scalp-recorded EEG theta activity was enhanced during REM sleep following learning of paired associates.
“In humans, scalp-recorded EEG theta activity was enhanced during REM sleep following learning of paired associates (399)”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [399]
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- Authors
- FOGEL, S., SMITH, C., & COTE, K.
- Affiliations
- Brock University (CA)
- Trent University (CA)
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-06-04
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 48-61
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044830732
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brock University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, REM sleep, NREM sleep, memory consolidation, declarative memory, procedural memory, K-complexes, EEG spectral power, sigma power, theta power, mirror tracing, paired-associate learning, neuroplasticity, sleep-dependent memory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Association Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Psychomotor Performance, Sleep Stages, Theta Rhythm, Polysomnography, Statistics, Nonparametric
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