Cited by 555Social and Intergroup PsychologyEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessCareer Development and Diversity

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Whistling Vivaldi: and other clues to how stereotypes affect us

Claude M. Steele·2010·Choice Reviews Online

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Acclaimed social psychologist Claude M. Steele offers an insider's look at his groundbreaking findings on stereotypes and identity. Through dramatic personal stories, he shares the experiments and studies that show, again and again, that exposing subjects to stereotypes - merely reminding a group of female maths students about to take a test, for example, that women are considered naturally inferior to men at maths - impairs their performance in the area affected by the stereotype. Steele's conclusions shed new light on a host of social phenomena, from the racial and gender gaps in standardized test scores to the belief in the superior athletic prowess of black men. Whistling Vivaldi offers insights into how we form our senses of identity and lays out a plan for mitigating the negative effects of 'stereotype threat' and reshaping our identities.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5860/choice.48-0574

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Still being checked.

Sorted by citations

Social-Psychological Interventions in Education: They’re Not Magic
Yeager, D. S., & Walton, G. M. (2011) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654311405999 · Cited by 1,345
Unseen disadvantage: How American universities' focus on independence undermines the academic performance of first-generation college students.
Stephens, N. M., Fryberg, S. A., Markus, H. R., Johnson, C. S., & Covarrubias, R. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027143 · Cited by 1,312
The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention
Cohen, G. L., & Sherman, D. K. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137 · Cited by 1,302
Taking gender into account: theory and design for women's leadership development programs
Ely, R. J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D. M. (2011) · Academy of Management Learning & Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0046 · Cited by 1,003
Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes.
Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037215 · Cited by 841
Closing the Social-Class Achievement Gap: A Difference-Education Intervention Improves First-Generation Students’ Academic Performance and All Students’ College Transition
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., & Destin, M. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613518349 · Cited by 708
Drivers of human development: How relationships and context shape learning and development 1
Osher, D., Cantor, P., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Rose, T. (2020) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2017.1398650 · Cited by 484
“…negative interpersonal transactions that include infrequent positive teacher support and attention during academic learning, lack of teacher praise, and limited opportunities to respond (e.g., Sutherland & Oswald, 2005), as well as teacher stereotype priming (Steele, 2010) can increase stress.”
BackgroundInfluential
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, LEARNING GOALS, ENGAGEMENT, AND ACHIEVEMENT IN A DIVERSE HIGH SCHOOL
Froiland, J. M., & Worrell, F. C. (2016) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21901 · Cited by 515
Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions
Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M. H., & Hewstone, M. (2017) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430217712052 · Cited by 429
Does stereotype threat influence performance of girls in stereotyped domains? A meta-analysis
Flore, P. C., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.10.002 · Cited by 410
Deflecting the trajectory and changing the narrative: How self-affirmation affects academic performance and motivation under identity threat.
Sherman, D. K., Hartson, K. A., Binning, K. R., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Garcia, J., Taborsky-Barba, S., Tomassetti, S., Nussbaum, A. D., & Cohen, G. L. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031495 · Cited by 371
Diversity Science: Why and How Difference Makes a Difference
Plaut, V. C. (2010) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478401003676501 · Cited by 398
Typecasts, Tokens, and Spokespersons: A Case for Credibility Excess as Testimonial Injustice
Davis, E. (2016) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/hypa.12251 · Cited by 346
State Authenticity as Fit to Environment: The Implications of Social Identity for Fit, Authenticity, and Self-Segregation
Schmader, T., & Sedikides, C. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317734080 · Cited by 370
Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in context1
Cantor, P., Osher, D., Berg, J., Steyer, L., & Rose, T. (2019) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2017.1398649 · Cited by 328
“…contexts in which choice and control are limited, the belief that effort matters is undermined, and racial stigma is evoked in ways that reinforce negative racial narratives and identities (e.g., Hammond, 2016; Oyserman, Destin, & Novin, 2015; Oyserman & Lewis, 2017; Rogoff, 2003; Steele, 2010).”
Background
The what, why, and how of culturally responsive teaching: international mandates, challenges, and opportunities
Gay, G. (2015) · Multicultural Education Review · doi:10.1080/2005615x.2015.1072079 · Cited by 303
Implicit Bias, Stereotype Threat, and Women in Philosophy
Saul, J. M. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199325603.003.0003 · Cited by 254
Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior.
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Fryberg, S. A. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0029028 · Cited by 239
Teacher Empathy: A Model of Empathy for Teaching for Student Success
Meyers, S., Rowell, K. R., Wells, M., & Smith, B. C. (2019) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2019.1579699 · Cited by 238
Self‐Affirmation: Understanding the Effects
Sherman, D. K. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12072 · Cited by 232
Identity threat at work: How social identity threat and situational cues contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in the workplace.
Emerson, K. T. U., & Murphy, M. C. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035403 · Cited by 234
Access is not enough: Cultural mismatch persists to limit first-generation students’ opportunities for achievement throughout college.
Phillips, L. T., Stephens, N. K., Townsend, S. S. M., & Goudeau, S. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000234 · Cited by 208
Stereotype threat in organizations: implications for equity and performance
Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C., & Ryan, A. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322 · Cited by 184
Enriching gender in physics education research: A binary past and a complex future
Traxler, A. L., Cid, X. C., Blue, J., & Barthelemy, R. (2016) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/physrevphyseducres.12.020114 · Cited by 172
Perceiving the Problem of Poverty and Schooling: Deconstructing the Class Stereotypes that Mis-Shape Education Practice and Policy
Gorski, P. C. (2012) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2012.666934 · Cited by 168
Learning in Diversities of Structures of Social Practice: Accounting for How, Why and Where People Learn Science
Bell, P. A., Tzou, C., Bricker, L. A., & Baines, A. D. (2012) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000345315 · Cited by 153
The Mismeasure of the Self
Tanesini, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198858836.001.0001 · Cited by 143
Race, Ideology, and Academic Ability: A Relational Analysis of Racial Narratives in Mathematics
Shah, N. (2017) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811711900705 · Cited by 139
Stereotype threat and racial differences in citizens’ experiences of police encounters.
Najdowski, C. J., Bottoms, B. L., & Goff, P. A. (2015) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000140 · Cited by 136
Feeling at Home in College: Fortifying School‐Relevant Selves to Reduce Social Class Disparities in Higher Education
Stephens, N. K., Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & Nelson, J. E. (2015) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12008 · Cited by 156
“Dropping Out is Not an Option”: How Educationally Resilient First-Generation Students See the Future
Azmitia, M., Sumabat-Estrada, G., Cheong, Y., & Covarrubias, R. (2018) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20240 · Cited by 135
Beyond access
Margolis, J., Ryoo, J. J., Sandoval, C. D. M., Lee, C., Goode, J., & Chapman, G. (2012) · ACM Inroads · doi:10.1145/2381083.2381102 · Cited by 133
Foundations of multicultural psychology: Research to inform effective practice.
Smith, T. B., & Trimble, J. E. (2016) · doi:10.1037/14733-000 · Cited by 132
Racial bias in driver yielding behavior at crosswalks
Goddard, T., Kahn, K. B., & Adkins, A. (2015) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2015.06.002 · Cited by 122
Toward a Framework for Multicultural STEM‐Focused Career Interventions
Byars‐Winston, A. M. (2014) · The Career Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2014.00087.x · Cited by 119
Racism camouflaged as impostorism and the impact on Black STEM doctoral students
McGee, E. O., Botchway, P. K., Naphan-Kingery, D. E., Brockman, A. J., Houston, S., & White, D. T. (2022) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2021.1924137 · Cited by 118
Psychoanalytic theory and cultural competence in psychotherapy.
Tummala–Narra, P. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14800-000 · Cited by 121
From description to explanation: An empirical exploration of the African-American pipeline problem in STEM
Brown, B. A., Henderson, J. B., Gray, S., Donovan, B., Sullivan, S., Williams, A. P., & Waggstaff, W. (2015) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21249 · Cited by 116
“Two souls, two thoughts,” two self-schemas: Double consciousness can have positive academic consequences for African Americans.
Brannon, T. N., Markus, H. R., & Taylor, V. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038992 · Cited by 115
Embodied Brains, Social Minds, Cultural Meaning
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., & Gotlieb, R. J. M. (2017) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831216669780 · Cited by 123
Supervisor ostracism and defensive silence: a differential needs approach
Jahanzeb, S., Fatima, T., & Malik, M. A. R. (2018) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2018.1465411 · Cited by 115
“Race Tests”: Racial Boundary Maintenance in White Evangelical Churches
Bracey, G. E., & Moore, W. L. (2017) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12174 · Cited by 109
Flaming?
Jones, A. L. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190065416.001.0001 · Cited by 100
Stereotype threat effects in settings with features likely versus unlikely in operational test settings: A meta-analysis.
Shewach, O. R., Sackett, P. R., & Quint, S. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000420 · Cited by 97
More Than Just Skill: Examining Mathematics Identities, Racialized Narratives, and Remediation Among Black Undergraduates
Larnell, G. V. (2016) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.47.3.0233 · Cited by 96
Solidarity, Diversity, and the Quality of Government
Rothstein, B. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795452.003.0011 · Cited by 96
Implicit stereotypes and the predictive brain: cognition and culture in “biased” person perception
Hinton, P. R. (2017) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/palcomms.2017.86 · Cited by 99
Prejudiced Places: How Contexts Shape Inequality and How Policy Can Change Them
Murphy, M. C., Kroeper, K. M., & Ozier, E. M. (2018) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732217748671 · Cited by 102
Race and Discipline at a Racially Mixed High School: Status, Capital, and the Practice of Organizational Routines
Diamond, J. B., & Lewis, A. E. (2018) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085918814581 · Cited by 104
The mediators of minority ethnic underperformance in final medical school examinations
Woolf, K., McManus, I. C., POTTS, H. W. W., & Dacre, J. E. (2011) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2011.02060.x · Cited by 93
Pathways to College for Young Black Scholars: A Community Cultural Wealth Perspective
Jayakumar, U. M., Vue, R., & Allen, W. R. (2013) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.83.4.4k1mq00162433l28 · Cited by 105
Untitled work
Hoyt (2012) · doi:10.1177/0146167211427922 · Cited by 91
The Costs of Racism for Marriage
Trail, T. E., Goff, P. A., Bradbury, T. N., & Karney, B. R. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211429450 · Cited by 90
Education in Safe and Unsafe Spaces
Callan, E. K. (2020) · Philosophical Inquiry in Education · doi:10.7202/1070555ar · Cited by 88
Systemic Gifted Education: A Theoretical Introduction
Ziegler, A., & Stoeger, H. (2017) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0016986217705713 · Cited by 94
Diversity in dermatology: Roadmap for improvement
Pritchett, E., Pandya, A. G., Ferguson, N. N., Hu, S., Ortega‐Loayza, A. G., & Lim, H. W. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.04.003 · Cited by 87
Effort, exaggeration and malingering after concussion: Figure 1
Silver, J. (2012) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-302078 · Cited by 89
What a Loaded Generalization: Generics and Social Cognition
Wodak, D., Leslie, S., & Rhodes, M. (2015) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12250 · Cited by 84
Culture and Social Psychology: Converging Perspectives
DiMaggio, P., & Markus, H. R. (2010) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272510389010 · Cited by 83
Untitled work
(2011) · Cited by 81
Racial Bias in Policing: Why We Know Less Than We Should
Goff, P. A., & Kahn, K. B. (2012) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01039.x · Cited by 79
Expanding STEM opportunities through inclusive STEM‐focused high schools
Means, B., Wang, H., Wei, X., Lynch, S. J., Peters, V. L., Young, V. M., & Allen, C. D. (2017) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21281 · Cited by 79
Affirmative Meritocracy
Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., & Erman, S. (2013) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2012.01041.x · Cited by 78
Psychological insights for improved physics teaching
Aguilar, L., Walton, G., & Wieman, C. (2014) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/pt.3.2383 · Cited by 77
Stereotype threat in criminal interrogations: Why innocent Black suspects are at risk for confessing falsely.
Najdowski, C. J. (2011) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/a0023741 · Cited by 84
Threat or Boost? Social Comparison Affects Older People's Performance Differently Depending on Task Domain
Swift, H. J., Abrams, D., & Marques, S. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs044 · Cited by 75
Skin Color and Social Mobility: Evidence From Mexico
Campos-Vázquez, R. M., & Cortina, E. M. M. (2018) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0734-z · Cited by 74
THEORIES SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS SHOULD KNOW: CULTURE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Worrell, F. C. (2014) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21756 · Cited by 79
Gender Differences in the Formation of a Field of Study Choice Set
Alon, S., & DiPrete, T. A. (2013) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v2.a5 · Cited by 73
Christianity as a Concealable Stigmatized Identity (CSI) among Biology Graduate Students
Barnes, M. E., Maas, S. A., Roberts, J. A., & Brownell, S. E. (2021) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.20-09-0213 · Cited by 68
Introduction: Complicating race: Articulating race across multiple social dimensions
Alim, H. S., & Reyes, A. G. (2011) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926510395831 · Cited by 68
My Family Matters
Moors, A. C., Malley, J. E., & Stewart, A. J. (2014) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684314542343 · Cited by 74
The School Counselor and STEM Career Development
Falco, L. D. (2016) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845316656445 · Cited by 74
“If you do nothing about stress, the next thing you know, you're shattered”: Perspectives on African American men's stress, coping and health from African American men and key women in their lives
Ellis, K. R., Griffith, D. M., Allen, J. O., Thorpe, R. J., & Bruce, M. A. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.036 · Cited by 74
Lingering Effects: Stereotype Threat Hurts More than You Think
Inzlicht, M., Tullett, A. M., Legault, L., & Kang, S. K. (2011) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01031.x · Cited by 61
Young, Black, Mathematically Gifted, and Stereotyped
McGee, E. O. (2013) · The High School journal/The High school journal · doi:10.1353/hsj.2013.0011 · Cited by 64
Racial Discrimination and Racial Disparities in Health
Priest, N., & Williams, D. R. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.7 · Cited by 60
Conundrums of Integration
Lewis, A. E., Diamond, J. B., & Forman, T. A. (2015) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649214558687 · Cited by 59
Closing the Opportunity Gap
Olszewski‐Kubilius, P., & Clarenbach, J. (2014) · Gifted Child Today · doi:10.1177/1076217514520630 · Cited by 58
Gender Gap in Academia
Falkner, K. E. K., Szabo, C., Michell, D., Szörényi, A., & Thyer, S. (2015) · ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) · doi:10.1145/2729094.2742595 · Cited by 63
“I’m Trying to Get My A”: Black Male Achievers Talk About Race, School and Achievement
Allen, Q. (2014) · The Urban Review · doi:10.1007/s11256-014-0315-4 · Cited by 63
Varieties of Global Psychology: Cultural Diversity and Constructions of the Self
Kirmayer, L. J., Adeponle, A. B., & Dzokoto, V. A. A. (2018) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95816-0_2 · Cited by 54
Carving Up the Social World with Generics
Leslie, S. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718765.003.0009 · Cited by 55
Does virtual diversity matter?: Effects of avatar-based diversity representation on willingness to express offline racial identity and avatar customization
Lee, J.-E. R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.040 · Cited by 50
Empowerment Through Difference: An Online Difference-Education Intervention Closes the Social Class Achievement Gap
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. K., Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. G. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218804548 · Cited by 49
Ranking Exercises in Philosophy and Implicit Bias
Saul, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2012.01564.x · Cited by 48
A Framework for Innovation
Krasadakis, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45139-4_4 · Cited by 49
Aligning Diversity, Quality, and Equity: The Implications of Legal and Public Policy Developments for Promoting Racial Diversity in Graduate Studies
Garcés, L. M. (2014) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/676909 · Cited by 48
Strategies for managing impressions of racial identity in the workplace.
Roberts, L., Cha, S., & Kim, S. S. (2014) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037238 · Cited by 49
Hermeneutical Injustice, (Self-)Recognition, and Academia
Hänel, H. C. (2020) · Hypatia · doi:10.1017/hyp.2020.3 · Cited by 46
The Undocumented (Im)Migrant Educational Pipeline
Covarrubias, A., & Lara, A. (2013) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085912470468 · Cited by 52
Subordination, Silencing, and Two Ideas of Illocution
Hornsby, J., Antony, L., Saul, J. M., Stoljar, N., Wieland, N., & Langton, R. (2011) · Jurisprudence · doi:10.5235/204033211798716826 · Cited by 45
ACM RETENTION COMMITTEETwelve tips for creating a culture that supports all students in computing
Lewis, C. M. (2017) · ACM Inroads · doi:10.1145/3148524 · Cited by 45
Born of Resistance: Cara a Cara Encounters with Chicana/o Visual Culture
Baugh, S. L., & Sorell, V. A. (2015) · Cited by 44
Increases in salience of ethnic identity at work: The roles of ethnic assignation and ethnic identification
Kenny, E. J., & Briner, R. B. (2013) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712464075 · Cited by 42
Economic Justice in America: Fifty Years After the Kerner Report
Stiglitz, J. E. (2018) · doi:10.7916/d8-gfx7-9850 · Cited by 41
Stereotype threat and the cognitive performance of adolescent immigrants: The role of cultural identity strength
Weber, S., Appel, M., & Kronberger, N. (2015) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.05.001 · Cited by 49
Social Structure and Personality
Schnittker, J. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_4 · Cited by 40
Addressing underrepresentation of young women of color in engineering and computing through the lens of sociocultural theory
EISENHART, M. A., & Allen, C. D. (2020) · Cultural Studies of Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11422-020-09976-6 · Cited by 46
Context Moderates Affirmation Effects on the Ethnic Achievement Gap
Protzko, J., & Aronson, J. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616646426 · Cited by 39

Authors: Steele, C. M.
Corresponding author: Claude M. Steele
Venue: Choice Reviews Online
Publisher: American Library Association
Published: 2010-09-01
Volume: 48
Issue: 01
Pages: 48-0574-48-0574
ISSN: 0009-4978 (ISSN-L)
1523-8253
DOI: 10.5860/choice.48-0574
OpenAlex: W1602557034
Cited by: 555
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 12 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 33
Type: book review
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Choice Reviews Online (publishedVersion)
CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
Keywords: stereotype threat, stereotypes, identity, gender stereotypes, racial stereotypes, standardized test performance, women in mathematics, athletic ability, social identity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Whistling Vivaldi: and other clues to how stereotypes affect us

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks