Stereotype threat effects in settings with features likely versus unlikely in operational test settings: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
-values ranging from .00 to -.14. Fourth, the meta-analytic database is subjected to tests of publication bias, finding nontrivial evidence for publication bias. Overall, results indicate that the size of the stereotype threat effect that can be experienced on tests of cognitive ability in operational scenarios such as college admissions tests and employment testing may range from negligible to small. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Stereotype threat effects are typically more pronounced in individuals who are domain-identified.
“As an example, Shewach et al. (2019) stated that stereotype threat effects are typically more pronounced in individuals who are domain-identified, that is, performance on the domain is important to them.”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Shewach et al. (2019)
Student samples typically used in this research have vastly different motivation for completing tests as part of research, often for course credit where performance is irrelevant, compared with people taking CATs as part of a recruitment process who are motivated by the potential for a new role where performance is important.
“Shewach et al. (2019)also commented that student samples typically used in this research have vastly different motivation for completing tests as part of research, often for course credit where performance is irrelevant, when compared with people taking CATs as part of a recruitment process who are motivated by the potential for a new role where performance is important.”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Shewach et al. (2019)
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Cites a retracted work: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.243
MajorThe cited work was retracted on 2013-01-01 (notice 10.1037/a0031270), before this paper was published (2019-12). Its authors could have known.
Cited work 10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.243 · retracted 2013-01-01 · notice 10.1037/a0031270 · this paper published 2019-12
Cites a retracted work: 10.1002/ejsp.310
MajorThe cited work was retracted on 2012-10-05 (notice 10.1002/ejsp.1919), before this paper was published (2019-12). Its authors could have known.
Cited work 10.1002/ejsp.310 · retracted 2012-10-05 · notice 10.1002/ejsp.1919 · this paper published 2019-12
Cites a retracted work: 10.1073/pnas.1018601108
InfoThe cited work was retracted on 2025-05-01 (notice 10.1073/pnas.2508040122), not before this paper was published (2019-12).
Cited work 10.1073/pnas.1018601108 · retracted 2025-05-01 · notice 10.1073/pnas.2508040122 · this paper published 2019-12
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Publication bias and stereotype threat research: A reply to Zigerell.
Ryan, A. M., & Nguyen, H.-H. D. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000242 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jones, P. R. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v9i24.1458 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Stereotype threat in workplace assessments.
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Self-citationReducing Stereotype Threat With Embodied Triggers
Chalabaëv, A., Radel, R., Masicampo, E. J., & Dru, V. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216651407 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Spencer, S. L. (2005) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Social rejection as a mediating variable in the link between stereotype threat and math performance.
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Black racial identity protecting against stereotype threat on collegiate academic achievement
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Clark, C. J., & Winegard, B. M. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1721233 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Pasquinelli, E., Farina, M., Bedel, A., & Casati, R. (2021) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12286 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review
Cuppello, S., Zibarras, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00504-5
- Authors
- Shewach, O. R., Sackett, P. R., & Quint, S.
- ORCID
- Sackett, Paul R.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1514-1534
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2946059574
- Semantic Scholar
- 07386751ccdafbd6372f82b03862972c8936e0d5
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 24.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- stereotype threat, cognitive ability testing, college entrance examination, employment testing, publication bias, test performance
- MeSH terms
- Cues, Educational Measurement, Humans, Personnel Selection, Stereotyping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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