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The biology , function , and biomedical applications of exosomes

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Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes

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Ceramide Triggers Budding of Exosome Vesicles into Multivesicular Endosomes

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Reassessment of exosome composition

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Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes)

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Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake

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Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine

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Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies

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Exosome- based technologies as a platform for diagnosis and treatment of male and female infertility-related diseases

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Exosome Mediated Cancer Therapeutic Approach:Present Status and Future Prospectives

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Bioprinting of exosomes: Prospects and challenges for clinical applications

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Small extracellular vesicles derived from four dimensional-culture of mesenchymal stem cells induce alternatively activated macrophages by upregulating IGFBP2/EGFR to attenuate inflammation in the spinal cord injury of rats

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Biomaterial-enabled 3D cell culture technologies for extracellular vesicle manufacturing

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Thermoresponsive M1 macrophage-derived hybrid nanovesicles for improved in vivo tumor targeting

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Advances in engineered nanosystems: immunomodulatory interactions for therapeutic applications

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Cellular organelles as drug carriers for disease treatment

Hu, J., Liu, Y., Du, Y., Peng, X., & Liu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.038 · Cited by 22

PF–PEG@ASIV-EXO Hydrogel Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing by Ferroptosis Resistance and Promoting Angiogenesis

Xiong, W., Zhang, X., Hu, J., Zou, X., Huang, H., Qu, W., Cai, S., Li, C., Yang, W., Zhong, X., et al. (2024) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00692 · Cited by 21

Efficient, High-Quality Engineering of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles on an Integrated Nanoplatform

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3D cryo-printed hierarchical porous scaffolds provide immobilization of surface-functionalized sleep-inspired small extracellular vesicles: synergistic therapeutic strategies for vascularized bone regeneration based on macrophage phenotype modulation and angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling

Li, X., Deng, Q.-S., He, S., Liu, P., Gao, Y., Wei, Z., Zhang, C., Wang, F., Zhu, T., Dawes, H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02977-5 · Cited by 24

Engineering exosomes for mRNA delivery: a review

Yao, T. S., Dong, X., Wang, X., Liu, X., Fu, L., & Li, L. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.144662 · Cited by 23

GP73-dependent regulation of exosome biogenesis promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis

Huang, L., Meng, W., Li, H., Yu, M., Wan, L., Zhao, R., Gao, Q., Sun, L., Hou, X., Mo, Y., et al. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02350-6 · Cited by 21

When stem cells meet COVID-19: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives

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Extracellular Vesicles and Acute Kidney Injury: Potential Therapeutic Avenue for Renal Repair and Regeneration

Kosanović, M., Milutinovic, B. S., Glamočlija, S., Morlans, I. M., Ortíz, A., & Božić, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23073792 · Cited by 23

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1-Bound Extracellular Vesicle as Novel Therapy for Osteoarthritis

de Liyis, B. G., Nolan, J. P., & Maharjana, M. A. (2022) · Biomedicine · doi:10.37796/2211-8039.1308 · Cited by 21

The clinical progress and challenges of mRNA vaccines

Yu, M., Wang, N., Zhu, J., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.1894 · Cited by 23

Extracellular vesicles enhance pulmonary transduction of stably associated adeno‐associated virus following intratracheal administration

Kwak, G., Gololobova, O. A., Sharma, N., Caine, C., Mazur, M., Mulka, K. R., West, N. E., Solomon, G. M., Cutting, G. R., Witwer, K. W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1002/jev2.12324 · Cited by 22

Nanoscale Phytosomes as an Emerging Modality for Cancer Therapy

Kadriya, A., & Falah, M. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12151999 · Cited by 27

Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Stroke: Therapeutic Potential and Prospective

Wang, X., Li, A., Fan, H., Li, Y., Yang, N., & Tang, Y. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0823-1 · Cited by 21

Current progress and prospect of microfluidic-based exosome investigation

Wang, Y., Bao, Y., Liang, Y.-X., Chen, Y.-J., Huang, W., & Xie, M. (2023) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2023.117310 · Cited by 21

What Really is “Molecule” in Molecular Communications? The Quest for Physics of Particle-Based Information Carriers

Xiao, H., Dokaj, K., & Akan, Ö. B. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Molecular Biological and Multi-Scale Communications · doi:10.1109/tmbmc.2023.3338950 · Cited by 22

Role of long noncoding RNAs in pathological cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction: An emerging insight into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Yaghoobi, A., Rezaee, M., Behnoush, A. H., Khalaji, A., Mafi, A., Houjaghan, A. K., Masoudkabir, F., & Pahlavan, S. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116248 · Cited by 22

Strategies for enhanced gene delivery to the central nervous system

Gao, Z. (2024) · Nanoscale Advances · doi:10.1039/d3na01125a · Cited by 26

Hopping the Hurdle: Strategies to Enhance the Molecular Delivery to the Brain through the Blood–Brain Barrier

Cogill, S. A., Lee, J.-H., Jeon, M., Kim, D.-G., & Chang, Y. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13100789 · Cited by 20

Extracellular Vesicle‐Inspired Therapeutic Strategies for the COVID‐19

Hu, Z., Wang, W., Lin, Y., Guo, H., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Yu, F., Rao, L., & Fan, Z. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202402103 · Cited by 21

Research Progress on the Strategies for Crossing the Blood–Brain Barrier

Qiao, L., Du, X., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Gao, S.-J., & Chun-Qin, Z. (2024) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00447 · Cited by 23

Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery systems in cancer

Huang, R., Zhu, J., Fan, R., Tang, Y., Hu, L., Lee, H. H., & Chen, S. (2024) · Extracellular Vesicle · doi:10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100053 · Cited by 23

Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells mediate extracellular matrix remodeling in osteoarthritis through the transport of microRNA-29a

Yang, F., Xiong, W.-Q., Li, C.-Z., Wu, M.-J., Zhang, X., Ran, C., Li, Z., Cui, Y., Liu, B., & Zhao, D. (2024) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.v16.i2.191 · Cited by 21

Inflammation and Exosomes in Fabry Disease Pathogenesis

Coelho-Ribeiro, B., Silva, H., Sampaio‐Marques, B., Fraga, A. G., Azevedo, O. M., Pedrosa, J., & Ludovico, P. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13080654 · Cited by 20

Exosomes-based dual drug-loaded nanocarrier for targeted and multiple proliferative vitreoretinopathy therapy

Zhao, P., Wang, J., Huang, H., Chen, Z., Wang, H., & Lin, Q. (2024) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbae081 · Cited by 20

Melatonin: a natural guardian in cancer treatment

Cao, Y.-R., Zhang, H., Chen, X., Li, C., & Chen, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1617508 · Cited by 20

Regulation of in vivo fate of exosomes for therapeutic applications: New frontier in nanomedicines

Park, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.058 · Cited by 20

Role of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine

Yao, M., Liang, S., & Cheng, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1110922 · Cited by 20

Cartilage-targeting mRNA-lipid nanoparticles rescue perifocal apoptotic chondrocytes for integrative cartilage repair

Yu, X., Xu, T., Shi, H., Hong, J., Jin, X., Cao, L., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Pan, Z., Wang, S., et al. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.142841 · Cited by 20

Role of exosomes in the development of the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma

Li, T., Jiao, J., Ke, H., Ouyang, W., Wang, L., Pan, J., & Li, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200201 · Cited by 21

Exosomal noncoding RNA: A potential therapy for retinal vascular diseases

Heo, J.-I., & Ryu, J. (2024) · Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids · doi:10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102128 · Cited by 21

Exosomes as new generation vehicles for drug delivery systems

Dilsiz, N. (2024) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105562 · Cited by 21

The Emerging Roles of Nanocarrier Drug Delivery System in Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration-Current Knowledge, Hot Spots, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Hu, Y., Yang, R., Liu, S., Song, Z., & Wang, H. (2024) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s448807 · Cited by 22

Neural Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: key Players in Ischemic Stroke Therapy – A Comprehensive Literature Review

Zhu, Z., Zhang, Q., Feng, J., Dongmo, S. Z., Zhang, Q., Huang, S., Liu, X., Zhang, G., & Chen, L. (2024) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s451642 · Cited by 21

Clinical trial status of exosomes‐based cancer theranostics

Sonar, S. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.327 · Cited by 22

Dual-Prodrug-Based Hyaluronic Acid Nanoplatform Provides Cascade-Boosted Drug Delivery for Oxidative Stress-Enhanced Chemotherapy

Zhang, J., Deng, M., Xu, C., Li, D., Yan, X., Gu, Y., Zhong, M., Gao, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c11662 · Cited by 21

Kartogenin-Loaded Exosomes Derived From Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Chondrogenesis and Expedite Tendon Enthesis Healing in a Rat Model of Rotator Cuff Injury

Wang, Y., Qin, J., Xie, C.-Y., Peng, X.-Z., Wang, J., & Wang, S. (2024) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465241296141 · Cited by 20

Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles and infected cell exosomes: new players in host immune modulation and pathogenesis

Wang, X., Wang, J., Mao, L., & Yao, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1512935 · Cited by 21

The physiological functions and therapeutic potential of exosomes during the development and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Zhang, Z., Shi, C., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1279469 · Cited by 21

New challenges in scar therapy: the novel scar therapy strategies based on nanotechnology

Chen, Z., Gao, J., & Li, L. (2024) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.1080/17435889.2024.2401768 · Cited by 19

The biological roles of exosome-encapsulated traditional Chinese medicine monomers in neuronal disorders

Pang, C., Zhang, J., Gu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2024.101131 · Cited by 19

Nanoscale synthetic biology with innovative medicinal applications

Ji, J., Li, L., Guo, W., Zhang, J., Yao, Y., Chen, H., Liao, F., Jin, Z., Liu, L., Ouyang, J., et al. (2024) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2024.11.006 · Cited by 22

Exosome: an overview on enhanced biogenesis by small molecules

Bavafa, A., Izadpanahi, M., Hosseini, E., Hajinejad, M., Abedi, M., Forouzanfar, F., & Negah, S. S. (2025) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-024-03762-9 · Cited by 20

Exosome-mediated ferroptosis in the tumor microenvironment: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application

Liu, N., Wu, T., Han, G., & Chen, M. (2025) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-025-02484-y · Cited by 20

Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: effects on thyroid cancer progression and tumor microenvironment remodeling

Li, S., Han, H., Yang, K., Li, X., Ma, L., Yang, Z. R., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-025-02470-z · Cited by 21

Therapeutic properties of stem cell-derived exosomes in ischemic heart disease

Raissi-Dehkordi, N., Raissi-Dehkordi, N., & Farjoo, M. H. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174839 · Cited by 19

Expanding arsenal against diabetic wounds using nanomedicines and nanomaterials: Success so far and bottlenecks

Awasthi, A., Vishwas, S., Gulati, M., Corrie, L., Kaur, J., Khursheed, R., Alam, A., Alkhayl, F. F. A., Khan, F. R., Nagarethinam, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103534 · Cited by 19

Strategies to Convert Cells into Hyaline Cartilage: Magic Spells for Adult Stem Cells

Kurenkova, A. D., Romanova, I. A., Kibirskiy, P. D., Timashev, P. S., & Medvedeva, E. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911169 · Cited by 21

Mechanisms of function and clinical potential of exosomes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Zhao, L., Yu, L., Wang, X., He, J., Zhu, X., Zhang, R., & Yang, A. (2022) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215993 · Cited by 18

Exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of ischemic stroke

Jin, M., Zhang, S., Wang, M., Li, Q., Ren, J., Luo, Y., & Sun, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.980548 · Cited by 21

Advance in placenta drug delivery: concern for placenta-originated disease therapy

Tang, M., Zhang, X., Fei, W., Xin, Y., Zhang, M., Yao, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, C., & Sun, D. (2023) · Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/10717544.2023.2184315 · Cited by 19

Target specification and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles for regulating corneal angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and nerve repair

Pedersen, C., Chen, V. T., Herbst, P., Zhang, R., Elfert, A., Krishan, A., Azar, D. T., Chang, J., Hu, W., Kremsmayer, T. P., et al. (2024) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2024.10.005 · Cited by 21

Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Natural Intercellular Messengers with Versatile Mechanisms for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy

Song, Y., Yin, C., & Kong, N. (2024) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s475234 · Cited by 19

Exosomes, their sources, and possible uses in cancer therapy in the era of personalized medicine

Zemánek, T., Danišovič, Ľ., & Nicodemou, A. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-024-06066-w · Cited by 20

Elimination of Senescent Osteocytes by Bone‐Targeting Delivery of β‐Galactose‐Modified Maytansinoid Prevents Age‐Related Bone Loss

He, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, X., Liu, B., Shao, X., Fang, D., Lin, J., Liu, N., Lou, Y., Qin, J., et al. (2023) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202302972 · Cited by 19

Post-Translational Modification of PTEN Protein: Quantity and Activity

Li, X., Pu, Y., Hou, X., & Ji, S. (2024) · Oncology Reviews · doi:10.3389/or.2024.1430237 · Cited by 18

Expanding the role of exosomes in drug, biomolecule, and nanoparticle delivery

Saka, O. M., Dora, D. D., Kibar, G., & Tevlek, A. (2025) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123499 · Cited by 22

NK‐Cell‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles Engineered to Carry Senolytics Eliminate Chemotherapy‐Induced Senescent Osteosarcoma Cells

Yue, X., Cui, J., Ren, S., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Cui, H., Huard, J., Robbins, P. D., & Mu, X. (2025) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1002/jev2.70123 · Cited by 21

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as cell-free therapeutics: mechanistic insights and engineering strategies for liver disease treatment

Yu, S., Kong, D., Lu, B., Pan, Y., Zeng, Z., Fu, Y., Zhao, Z., He, K., Tang, R., & Xia, Q. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04747-y · Cited by 23

Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Review of Their Origins, Functions, and Therapeutic Potential

Schank, M., Zhao, J., Wang, L., Moorman, J. P., & Yao, Z. Q. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14030495 · Cited by 21

Docetaxel-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cell-derived exosomal lncRNA LINC00667 reduces the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to docetaxel via targeting miR-200b-3p/Bcl-2 axis

Li, J., Kang, J., Liu, W., Liu, J., Pan, G., Mao, A., Zhang, Q., Lu, J., Ding, J., & Li, H. (2022) · European Journal of Histochemistry · doi:10.4081/ejh.2022.3529 · Cited by 18

Hydroxychloroquine Enhances Cytotoxic Properties of Extracellular Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicle–Mimetic Nanovesicles Loaded with Chemotherapeutics

Brezgin, S., Kostyusheva, A., Ponomareva, N. I., Олеговна, Б. Е., Kondrashova, A., Frolova, A. S., Slatinskaya, O. V., Fatkhutdinova, L. I., Maksimov, G. V., Zyuzin, M. V., et al. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15020534 · Cited by 18

Potential for Therapeutic-Loaded Exosomes to Ameliorate the Pathogenic Effects of α-Synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease

Rademacher, D. J. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11041187 · Cited by 18

Potential in exosome-based targeted nano-drugs and delivery vehicles for posterior ocular disease treatment: from barriers to therapeutic application

Peng, X., Zhang, T., Liu, R., & Jin, X. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-023-04798-w · Cited by 18

Circular RNAs: Promising Treatment Targets and Biomarkers of Ischemic Stroke

Xu, G., Liu, G., Wang, Z., Li, Y., & Fang, W. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25010178 · Cited by 18

Increased levels of villus-derived exosomal miR-29a-3p in normal pregnancy than uRPL patients suppresses decidual NK cell production of interferon-γ and exerts a therapeutic effect in abortion-prone mice

Fang, Z., Mao, J., Huang, J., Sun, H., Lu, X., Lei, H., Dong, J., Chen, S., & Wang, X. (2024) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-024-01610-0 · Cited by 18

Exosomal lncRNA-MIAT promotes neovascularization via the miR-133a-3p/MMP-X1 axis in diabetic retinopathy

Li, X., Cao, Q., Xu, C., Wang, J., Pan, T. S., Liu, Q., Xie, P., & Hu, Z. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.109912 · Cited by 18

Exosome-mediated delivery platform of biomacromolecules into the brain: Cetuximab in combination with doxorubicin for glioblastoma therapy

Chu, L., Sun, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, A., Sun, Y., Duan, X., Li, N., Xia, H., Liu, W., & Sun, K. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124262 · Cited by 20

Hydrogel encapsulation of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles as a novel therapeutic approach in cancer therapy

Farahzadi, R., Fathi, E., Vandghanooni, S., & Valipour, B. (2024) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189177 · Cited by 19

Stem cell-derived exosome delivery systems for treating atherosclerosis: The new frontier of stem cell therapy

Tariq, H., Bukhari, S. Z., An, R., Dong, J., Ihsan, A., & Younis, M. R. (2024) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101440 · Cited by 18

Amoxicillin encapsulated in the N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity

Zhao, Z., Han, J., Xu, S., Jin, Z., Yin, T. H., & Zhao, K. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.035 · Cited by 18

Bioreactor expansion reconfigures metabolism and extracellular vesicle biogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro

Jeske, R., Chen, X., Ma, S., Zeng, E. Z., Driscoll, T. P., & Li, Y. (2022) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2022.108711 · Cited by 19

Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes attenuates myofibroblast transformation via inhibiting autophagy through TGF-β/Smad2 axis in oral submucosal fibrosis

Xu, J., Wang, Y., Shao, Z., Zhou, Y., Bin, X., Liu, L., Huang, W., Wang, X., Hu, Y., & Li, K. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-03067-2 · Cited by 17

Swimming exercise induces redox-lipid crosstalk to ameliorate osteoarthritis progression

Wu, Y., Hou, M., Deng, Y., Xia, X., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Yu, C., Yang, H., Zhang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103535 · Cited by 18

Cell-free osteoarthritis treatment with dual-engineered chondrocyte-targeted extracellular vesicles derived from mechanical loading primed mesenchymal stem cells

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