Rate- and Rhythm-Control Therapies in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review

Al-Khatib, Sana M.; Allen LaPointe, Nancy M.; Chatterjee, Ranee; Crowley, Matthew J.; Dupre, Matthew E.; Kong, David F.; Lopes, Renato D.; Povsic, Thomas J.; Raju, Shveta S.; Shah, Bimal; Kosinski, Andrzej S.; McBroom, Amanda J.; Sanders, Gillian D.

doi:10.7326/m13-1467

Cited by 178Atrial Fibrillation Management and OutcomesCardiac Arrhythmias and TreatmentsCardiac pacing and defibrillation studies

Rate- and Rhythm-Control Therapies in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review

Al-Khatib, Sana M., Allen LaPointe, Nancy M., Chatterjee, Ranee, Crowley, Matthew J., Dupre, Matthew E., Kong, David F., Lopes, Renato D., Povsic, Thomas J. +5 more·2014·Annals of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.7326/m13-1467

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The comparative effectiveness of treatments for atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncertain. PURPOSE: To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of rate- and rhythm-control therapies. DATA SOURCES: English-language studies in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews between January 2000 and November 2013. STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers independently screened citations to identify comparative studies that assessed rate- or rhythm-control therapies in patients with AF. DATA EXTRACTION: Reviewers extracted data on study design, participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes, applicability, and quality. DATA SYNTHESIS: 200 articles (162 studies) involving 28,836 patients were included. When pharmacologic rate- and rhythm-control strategies were compared, strength of evidence (SOE) was moderate supporting comparable efficacy with regard to all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.34 [95% CI, 0.89 to 2.02]), cardiac mortality (OR, 0.96 [CI, 0.77 to 1.20]), and stroke (OR, 0.99 [CI, 0.76 to 1.30]) in older patients with mild AF symptoms. Few studies compared rate-control therapies and included outcomes of interest, which limited conclusions. For the effect of rhythm-control therapies in reducing AF recurrence, SOE was high favoring pulmonary vein isolation versus antiarrhythmic medications (OR, 5.87 [CI, 3.18 to 10.85]) and the surgical maze procedure (including pulmonary vein isolation) done during other cardiac surgery versus other cardiac surgery alone (OR, 7.94 [CI, 3.63 to 17.36]). LIMITATION: Studies were heterogeneous in interventions, populations, settings, and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Pharmacologic rate- and rhythm-control strategies have comparable efficacy across outcomes in primarily older patients with mild AF symptoms. Pulmonary vein isolation is better than antiarrhythmic medications at reducing recurrences of AF in younger patients with paroxysmal AF and mild structural heart disease. Future research should address uncertainties related to subgroups of interest and the effect of different therapies on long-term clinical outcomes. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

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Rhythm control and rate control may preserve cardiac function.
“Other interventions such as rhythm control and rate control improve AF-related symptoms and may preserve cardiac function, but have not demonstrated a reduction in long-term morbidity or mortality.40,41”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
Rhythm control and rate control have not demonstrated a reduction in long-term morbidity or mortality.
“Other interventions such as rhythm control and rate control improve AF-related symptoms and may preserve cardiac function, but have not demonstrated a reduction in long-term morbidity or mortality.40,41”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
Rhythm control and rate control improve AF-related symptoms.
“Other interventions such as rhythm control and rate control improve AF-related symptoms and may preserve cardiac function, but have not demonstrated a reduction in long-term morbidity or mortality.40,41”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
Compared with stroke prevention and rhythm control, very little robust evidence exists to inform the best type and intensity of rate control treatment, with the majority of data derived from short-term crossover trials and observational studies.
“Compared with stroke prevention and rhythm control, very little robust evidence exists to inform the best type and intensity of rate control treatment, with the majority of data derived from short-term crossover trials and observational studies.41,[526][527][528]”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [41]
All trials that have compared rhythm control to rate control (with appropriate anticoagulation) therapy have resulted in neutral outcomes.
“Although many clinicians believe that maintaining sinus rhythm can improve outcomes in AF patients, 588 all trials that have compared rhythm control to rate control (with appropriate anticoagulation) therapy have resulted in neutral outcomes.41,578,579,582,[589][590][591][592][593]”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [41]

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Long-term Maintenance of Normal Sinus Rhythm in Patients With Current Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation
KOCHIADAKIS, G. E., Igoumenidis, N. E., Hamilos, M. I., Tzerakis, P. G., Klapsinos, N. C., Zacharis, E. A., & Vardas, P. E. (2004) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.125.2.377 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of diltiazem pretreatment on direct-current cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: A single-blind, randomized, controlled study
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Success of serial external electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation in maintaining sinus rhythm. A randomized study
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Biphasic versus Monophasic Cardioversion in Shock‐Resistant Atrial Fibrillation:
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DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: A comparison of two protocols
Boodhoo, L. E., Mitchell, A. R. J., Bordoli, G., Lloyd, G., Patel, N., & Sulke, N. (2006) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.11.108 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Comparative effects of carvedilol and amiodarone on conversion and recurrence rates of persistent atrial fibrillation
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Rate Control and Quality of Life in Patients With Permanent Atrial Fibrillation The Quality Of Life and Atrial Fibrillation (QOLAF) Study
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Ablation of Superior Pulmonary Veins Compared to Ablation of All Four Pulmonary Veins:
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A randomized trial of prophylactic antiarrhythmic agents (amiodarone and sotalol) in patients with atrial fibrillation for whom direct current cardioversion is planned
Vijayalakshmi, K., Whittaker, V., Sutton, A. G. C., Campbell, P. G., Wright, R. A., Hall, J. A., Harcombe, A., Linker, N. J., Stewart, M. J., Davies, A., et al. (2006) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.09.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A comparison of rectilinear and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms in elective cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: A prospective randomized controlled trial
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Verapamil Versus Digoxin and Acute Versus Routine Serial Cardioversion for the Improvement of Rhythm Control for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Hemels, M. E. W., Noord, T. V., Crijns, H. J. G. M., van Veldhuisen, D. J., Veeger, N. J. G. M., Bosker, H. A., Wiesfeld, A. C. P., van den Berg, M. P., Ranchor, A. V., & Gelder, I. C. V. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.043 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
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Comparison of Rate and Rhythm Control in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Nonischemic Heart Failure
Ökçün, B., Yiğit, Z., Özkan, A. A., & Küçükoğlu, S. (2004) · Japanese Heart Journal · doi:10.1536/jhj.45.591 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Efficacy and impact of monophasic versus biphasic countershocks for transthoracic cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation
Marinsek, M., Larkin, G. L., Žohar, P., Bervar, M., Pekolj-Bicanic, M., Škrabl-Močnik, F., Noč, M., & Podbregar, M. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00986-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sotalol versus propafenone for long-term maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation
KOCHIADAKIS, G. E., Igoumenidis, N. E., Hamilos, M. E., Tzerakis, P. G., Klapsinos, N. C., CHLOUVERAKIS, G. I., & Vardas, P. E. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.08.041 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Anterior-posterior versus anterior-lateral electrode position for biphasic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.
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Higher Energy Monophasic DC Cardioversion for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Is it Time to Start at 360 Joules?
Boos, C. J., Thomas, M., Jones, A., Clarke, E., Wilbourne, G., & More, R. S. (2003) · Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology · doi:10.1046/j.1542-474x.2003.08205.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Does intensity of rate control influence outcome in persistent atrial fibrillation?
Groenveld, H. F., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Rienstra, M., van den Berg, M. P., van Veldhuisen, D. J., & Gelder, I. C. V. (2009) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.09.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ablation of Atypical Atrial Flutter Guided by the Use of Concealed Entrainment in Patients Without Prior Cardiac Surgery
Bogun, F. M., Bender, B., LI, Y., & Hohnloser, S. H. (2000) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2000.tb00312.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Comparison on Health‐Related Quality of Life: The Value of Add‐On Arrhythmia Surgery in Patients with Paroxysmal, Permanent or Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Valvular and/or Coronary Bypass Surgery
van Breugel, H. N. A. M., Nieman, F. H. M., Accord, R. E., van Mastrigt, G. A. P. G., Nijs, J., Severens, J. L., Vrakking, R., & Maessen, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2009.01655.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A randomized controlled trial of efficacy and ST change following use of the Welch-Allyn MRL PIC biphasic waveform versus damped sine monophasic waveform for external DC cardioversion
Ambler, J. J. S., & Deakin, C. D. (2006) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.03.017 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pulmonary vein isolation and linear lesions in atrial fibrillation ablation
Sheikh, I., Krum, D. P., Cooley, R., Dhala, A. A., Blanck, Z., Bhatia, A., Nangia, V., Akhtar, M., & Sra, J. S. (2007) · Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology · doi:10.1007/s10840-006-9066-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Is Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation Preferable to Stepwise Segmental Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation? A Randomized Study
Liu, X., Long, D., Dong, J., Hu, F., Yu, R., Tang, R., Fang, D., Hao, P., Lu, C.-S., Liu, X., et al. (2006) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.70.1392 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pulmonary venous isolation versus additional substrate modification as treatment for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
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Efficacy of transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation using a biphasic, truncated exponential shock waveform at variable initial shock energies
Rashba, E. J., Gold, M. R., Crawford, F. A., Leman, R. B., Peters, R. W., & Shorofsky, S. R. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.08.044 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Management of new onset atrial fibrillation.
McNamara, R. L., Bass, E. B., Miller, M. R., Segal, J. B., Goodman, S. N., Kim, N. L., Robinson, K. A., & Powe, N. R. (2000) · PubMed Central · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Evaluation of Linear Lesions in the Left and Right Atrium in Ablation of Long‐standing Atrial Fibrillation
WANG, Y., Liu, X., TAN, H., Zhou, L., Jiang, W., Gu, J. F., & Liu, Y. (2013) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.12168 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Clinical assessment of clonidine in the treatment of new-onset rapid atrial fibrillation: A prospective, randomized clinical trial
Simpson, C. S., Ghali, W. A., Sanfilippo, A. J., Moritz, S., & Abdollah, H. (2001) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2001.116761 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Prospective Randomized Study Comparing Isolation of the Arrhythmogenic Vein Versus All Veins in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Acute beta-adrenoceptor blockade improves efficacy of ibutilide in conversion of atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular rate
Fragakis, N., Bikias, A., Delithanasis, I., Konstantinidou, M., Liakopoulos, N., Kozirakis, M., & Katsaris, G. (2008) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/eun302 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Randomized comparison of anterolateral versus anteroposterior electrode position for biphasic external cardioversion of atrial fibrillation
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Pharmacological conversion of recent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, placebo-controlled study of three antiarrhythmic drugs
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Propafenone added to ibutilide increases conversion rates of persistent atrial fibrillation
Korantzopoulos, P. G., Kolettis, T. M., Papathanasiou, A., Naka, K. K., Kolios, P., Leontaridis, I., Draganigos, A., Katsouras, C. S., & Goudevenos, J. A. (2005) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2005.072322 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sotalol vs metoprolol for ventricular rate control in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation who have undergone digitalization: a single-blinded crossover study
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Impact of Biphasic Electrical Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation on Early Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation and Shock Efficacy
SIAPLAOURAS, S., Buob, A., Rötter, C., Böhm, M., & Jung, J. (2004) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.04027.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comparison of Rate and Rhythm Control in Hypertension Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Yıldız, A., Yiğit, Z., Okcun, B., Başkurt, M., Ortak, K., Kaya, A., & Küçükoğlu, S. (2008) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.72.705 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm During Treatment With Intravenous Esmolol or Diltiazem: A Prospective, Randomized Comparison
Hassan, S. A., Ahmad, S., Kamalakannan, D., Khoury, R., Kakish, E. J., Maria, V., Ahmed, S., Pires, L. A., Kronick, S. L., Oral, H., et al. (2007) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/1074248407303792 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biphasic versus Monophasic Shock for External Cardioversion of Atrial Flutter
Mortensen, K., Risius, T., Schwemer, T. F., Aydin, M. A., Köster, R., Klemm, H. U., Lutomsky, B. A., Meinertz, T., Ventura, R., & Willems, S. (2008) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000113429 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sinus rhythm maintenance following DC cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is not improved by temporary precardioversion treatment with oral verapamil
Lindholm, C.-J., Fredholm, O., Möller, S.-J., Edvardsson, N., Kronvall, T., Pettersson, T., Firsovaite, V., Roijer, A., Meurling, C. J., Platonov, P. G., et al. (2004) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2003.017707 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Microwave Ablation in Mitral Valve Surgery for Atrial Fibrillation (MAMA).
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Is pretreatment with ibutilide useful for atrial fibrillation cardioversion when combined with biphasic shock?
Mazzocca, G., CORBUCCI, G., Venturini, E., & Becuzzi, L. (2006) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/01.jcm.0000203851.75020.bd · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Monophasic versus biphasic waveform shocks for atrial fibrillation cardioversion in patients with concomitant amiodarone therapy
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Comparison of pharmacological and electrical cardioversion in permanent atrial fibrillation after prosthetic cardiac valve replacement: A prospective randomized trial
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Effect of verapamil on secondary cardioversion in patients with early atrial fibrillation recurrence after electrical cardioversion
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Signal‐Averaged P Wave Reflects Change in Atrial Electrophysiological Substrate Afforded by Verapamil Following Cardioversion from Atrial Fibrillation
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Pulmonary Antrum Radial–Linear Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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Comparison of Surgical Cut and Sew versus Radiofrequency Pulmonary Veins Isolation for Chronic Permanent Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Study
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Role of Residual Potentials Inside Circumferential Pulmonary Veins Ablation Lines in the Recurrence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
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A Randomized, Prospective Comparison of Anterior and Posterior Approaches to Atrioventricular Junction Modification of Medically Refractory Atrial Fibrillation
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The Effect of Digitalis or a Beta-Blocker, Alone or in Combination, on Atrial Fibrillation at Rest and During Exercise
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2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).
Hindricks, G., Potpara, T., Dagres, N., Arbelo, E., Bax, J., Blomström-Lundqvist, C., Boriani, G., Castellá, M., Dan, G., Dilaveris, P. E., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612 · Cited by 2,605 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
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2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
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2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)
Gelder, I. C. V., Rienstra, M., Bunting, K. V., Casado-Arroyo, R., Caso, V., Crijns, H. J. G. M., Potter, T. J. R. D., Dwight, J., Guasti, L., Hanke, T., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176 · Cited by 3,338 · see citing works
2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Joglar, J. A., Chung, M. K., Armbruster, A. L., Benjamin, E. J., Chyou, J. Y., Cronin, E. M., Deswal, A. M., Eckhardt, L. L., Goldberger, Z. D., Gopinathannair, R., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001193 · Cited by 2,989 · see citing works
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezw313 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Joglar, J. A., Chung, M. K., Armbruster, A. L., Benjamin, E. J., Chyou, J. Y., Cronin, E. M., Deswal, A., Eckhardt, L. L., Goldberger, Z. D., Gopinathannair, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.017 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Atrial Fibrillation and Mechanisms of Stroke: Time for a New Model
Kamel, H., Okin, P. M., Elkind, M. S. V., & Iadecola, C. (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.115.012004 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Cardioembolic Stroke
Kamel, H., & Healey, J. S. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.308407 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Atrial Myopathy
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2020 Clinical guidelines for Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
Arakelyan, M. S., Bockeria, L. A., Vasilieva, E., Sp, G., Golukhova, E. Z., Gorev, M. V., Davtyan, K. V., Drapkina, O. M., Станиславовна, К. Е., Kuchinskaya, Е. А., et al. (2021) · Russian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4594 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Atrial Cardiopathy: A Broadened Concept of Left Atrial Thromboembolism Beyond Atrial Fibrillation
Kamel, H., Okin, P. M., Longstreth, W. T., Elkind, M. S. V., & Soliman, E. Z. (2015) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca.15.22 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: epidemiology, timing, predictors, and outcome
Tarantini, G., Mojoli, M., Ureña, M., & Vahanian, A. S. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw456 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
2018 Korean Guideline of Atrial Fibrillation Management
Joung, B., Lee, J., Lee, K. H., Kim, T., Choi, E., Lim, W., Kang, K., Uhm, J., Lim, H. E., Park, J., et al. (2018) · Korean Circulation Journal · doi:10.4070/kcj.2018.0339 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Multifractal Desynchronization of the Cardiac Excitable Cell Network During Atrial Fibrillation. I. Multifractal Analysis of Clinical Data
Attuel, G., Gerasimova-Chechkina, E., Argoul, F., Yahia, H. M., & Arnéodo, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.01139 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Atrial fibrillation and stroke: State-of-the-art and future directions
Elsheikh, S., Hill, A. M., Irving, G. J., Lip, G. Y. H., & Abdul‐Rahim, A. H. (2023) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102181 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
Prystowsky, E. N., Padanilam, B. J., & Fogel, R. I. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7505 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation: risk factors and markers of atrial myopathy
Calenda, B. W., Fuster, V., Halperin, J. L., & Granger, C. B. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2016.106 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Quality indicators for the care and outcomes of adults with atrial fibrillation
Arbelo, E., (Chair), Aktaa, S., Bollmann, A., d’Ávila, A., Drossart, I., Dwight, J., Hills, M. T., Hindricks, G., Kusumoto, F. M., et al. (2020) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euaa253 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Utility of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for predicting ischaemic stroke in patients with or without atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Siddiqi, T. J., Usman, M., Shahid, I., Ahmed, J., Khan, S. U., Ya’qoub, L., Rihal, C. S., & Alkhouli, M. A. (2021) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab018 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Invited review: hypertension and atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and implications for management
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Authors: Al-Khatib, S. M., Allen LaPointe, N. M., Chatterjee, R., Crowley, M. J., Dupre, M. E., Kong, D. F., Lopes, R. D., Povsic, T. J., Raju, S. S., Shah, B., Kosinski, A. S., McBroom, A. J., & Sanders, G. D.
Affiliations: From Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke Evidence-based Practice Center, Duke University School of Medicine, and the Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Duke University (US)
ORCID: Chatterjee, Ranee
Crowley, Matthew J.
Dupre, Matthew E.
Povsic, Thomas J.
Shah, Bimal
Kosinski, Andrzej S.
Sanders, Gillian D.
Venue: Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Published: 2014-06-03
Volume: 160
Issue: 11
Pages: 760-773
ISSN: 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
1539-3704
DOI: 10.7326/m13-1467
OpenAlex: W2013946241
Cited by: 178
References: 178
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5
FWCI: 2.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
Locations: Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies
Keywords: atrial fibrillation, rate control, rhythm control, pulmonary vein isolation, antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation, atrial fibrillation recurrence, stroke, all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, structural heart disease, comparative effectiveness
MeSH terms: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Atrial Fibrillation, Electric Countershock, Heart Rate, Humans, Catheter Ablation

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Rate- and Rhythm-Control Therapies in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review

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