Calretinin positive neurons form an excitatory amplifier network in the spinal cord dorsal horn
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Abstract
Nociceptive information is relayed through the spinal cord dorsal horn, a critical area in sensory processing. The neuronal circuits in this region that underpin sensory perception must be clarified to better understand how dysfunction can lead to pathological pain. This study used an optogenetic approach to selectively activate spinal interneurons that express the calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). We show that these interneurons form an interconnected network that can initiate and sustain enhanced excitatory signaling, and directly relay signals to lamina I projection neurons. Photoactivation of CR interneurons in vivo resulted in a significant nocifensive behavior that was morphine sensitive, caused a conditioned place aversion, and was enhanced by spared nerve injury. Furthermore, halorhodopsin-mediated inhibition of these interneurons elevated sensory thresholds. Our results suggest that dorsal horn circuits that involve excitatory CR neurons are important for the generation and amplification of pain and identify these interneurons as a future analgesic target.
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The Sox5 dorsal excitatory family comprised Excit-14, Excit-15, Excit-16, Excit-17, Excit-18, and Excit-19 and expressed markers suggestive of a role in coping pain and mechanical nociception.
“The Sox5 dorsal, the excitatory family was comprised of Excit-14, Excit-15, Excit-16, Excit-17, Excit-18, and Excit-19, and expressed markers suggestive of a role in coping pain and mechanical nociception46,52,56,63–67.”
From A harmonized atlas of mouse spinal cord cell types and their spatial organization (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Smith, K. M., Browne, T. J., Davis, O. C., Coyle, A., Boyle, K. A., Watanabe, M., Dickinson, S. A., Iredale, J. A., Gradwell, M. A., Jobling, P., Callister, R. J., Dayas, C. V., Hughes, D. I., & Graham, B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Graham, Brett A
- ORCID
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2019-11-12
- Volume
- 8
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6908433
- OpenAlex
- W2988909879
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (631000, 1043933, 1067146, 1125478)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J000620/1, BB/P007996/1)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Ion Channels and Receptors
- Keywords
- calretinin, dorsal horn, nociception, spinal interneurons, nocifensive behavior, morphine sensitivity, conditioned place aversion, spared nerve injury, sensory threshold, pathological pain, analgesic targets, optogenetics
- MeSH terms
- Analgesics, Opioid, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Interneurons, Mice, Transgenic, Morphine, Nerve Net, Neuralgia, Neurons, Photic Stimulation, Gene Expression, Pain Threshold, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Transgenes, Halorhodopsins, Tissue Culture Techniques, Mice, Optogenetics, Calbindin 2, Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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