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Cited by 47Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

Oppositional defiant- and conduct disorder-like problems: neurodevelopmental predictors and genetic background in boys and girls, in a nationwide twin study

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Kerekes, Nóra, Lundström, Sebastian, Chang, Zheng, Tajnia, Armin, Jern, Patrick, Lichtenstein, Paul, Nilsson, Thomas, Anckarsäter, Henrik·2014·PeerJ
DOI 10.7717/peerj.359PMC PMC4006222
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Abstract

Background. Previous research has supported gender-specific aetiological factors in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). The aims of this study were to identify gender-specific associations between the behavioural problems-ODD/CD-like problems-and the neurodevelopmental disorders-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-and to investigate underlying genetic effects. Methods. 17,220 twins aged 9 or 12 were screened using the Autism-Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities inventory. The main covariates of ODD- and CD-like problems were investigated, and the relative importance of unique versus shared hereditary and environmental effects was estimated using twin model fitting. Results. Social interaction problems (one of the ASD subdomains) was the strongest neurodevelopmental covariate of the behavioural problems in both genders, while ADHD-related hyperactivity/impulsiveness in boys and inattention in girls stood out as important covariates of CD-like problems. Genetic effects accounted for 50%-62% of the variance in behavioural problems, except in CD-like problems in girls (26%). Genetic and environmental effects linked to ADHD and ASD also influenced ODD-like problems in both genders and, to a lesser extent, CD-like problems in boys, but not in girls. Conclusions. The gender-specific patterns should be considered in the assessment and treatment, especially of CD.

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  • In a sample of 476 children with ODD and 159 children with CD, the prevalence of both disorders was higher in males than females (3.5% vs 2.1% for ODD, and 1.3% vs 0.6% for CD).

    “in a sample of 476 children with ODD and 159 children with CD, the prevalence of both disorders was higher in male than in boys than in girs (3.5% compared to 2.1% for ODD, and 1.3% compared to 0.6% for CD, respectively)”

    From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Kerekes et al., 2014

    The Results (‘Prevalence, age at onset, and overlap’) give the stated counts and boy–girl percentages. However, the 476 and 159 children scored above cut-offs for ODD-like and CD-like problems; the paper does not identify them as children diagnosed with ODD or CD. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Most studies hold that the majority of the variance of ADHD, CD, and ODD is explained by unique and non-shared genetic and environmental effects.

    “Most studies hold that the majority of the variance of ADHD, CD and ODD is explained by unique and non-shared genetic and environmental e ff ects”

    From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Kerekes et al., 2014

    The Results section states that, in this study’s analyses of ODD- and CD-like problems alongside ADHD or ASD, most explained variance was due to unique, non-shared genetic and environmental effects. It does not establish that most studies reach this conclusion, and the quoted result concerns these analyses rather than the variance of each disorder generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • All scores concerning neurodevelopmental problems of the ADHD section of the A-TAC were significantly and positively associated with ODD and CD disorders.

    “All scores concerning neurodevelopmental problems of the ADHD section of the Autism -Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities Inventory (A-TAC) were signi fi cantly and positively associated with ODD and CD disorders”

    From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Kerekes et al., 2014

    The Results section (‘Neurodevelopmental problems associated with ODD- and CD-like problems’) reports that all ADHD and ASD module scores were significantly positively associated with both outcomes in univariable models. The Methods (‘Measures’) clarifies that these outcomes are research proxies for clinical diagnoses, so the claim overstates them as ODD and CD disorders. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Genetic effects represent 50-62% of the variance of behavioral problems, except for CD-like problems in females, which are 26%.

    “genetic e ff ects represent 50 -62% of the variance of behavioral problems, with the exception of problems similar to CD in female (26%)”

    From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Kerekes et al., 2014

  • In boys, 37% of variance is attributed to common genetic influences for both ADHD and ODD and 21% to common problems between ADHD and CD; in girls, the corresponding numbers are 13% and 7%.

    “with 37% of the variance attributed to common genetic in fl uences for both ADHD and ODD and 21% to the common problems between ADHD and CD, in boys. For girls, the corresponding numbers are 13% and 7%, respectively”

    From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Kerekes et al., 2014

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Authors
Kerekes, N., Lundström, S., Chang, Z., Tajnia, A., Jern, P., Lichtenstein, P., Nilsson, T., & Anckarsäter, H.
Affiliations
  • Swedish Prison and Probation Service (SE)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • University of Gothenburg (SE)
  • Åbo Akademi University (FI)
Corresponding author
Kerekes, Nóra
ORCID
Venue
PeerJ
Publisher
PeerJ
Published
2014-04-22
Volume
2
Pages
e359
ISSN
2167-8359 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.7717/peerj.359
PMC
PMC4006222
OpenAlex
W2011524632
Cited by
47
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
FWCI
5.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • PeerJ (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords
oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, gender differences, neurodevelopmental disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, heritability, genetic and environmental effects, social interaction difficulties, inattention, comorbidities, children

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