Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: It is necessary to understand the etiologic structure of child and adolescent psychopathology to advance theory and guide future research. OBJECTIVE: To test alternative models of the higher-order structure of etiologic effects on 11 dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology using confirmatory factor analyses of genetic and environmental covariances. DESIGN: Representative sample of twins. SETTING: Home interviews. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1571 pairs of 9- to 17-year-old twins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Structured assessments of psychopathology using adult caregivers and youth as informants. RESULTS: The best-fitting genetic model revealed that most genetic factors nonspecifically influence risk for either all 11 symptom dimensions or for dimensions of psychopathology within 1 of 2 broad domains. With some notable exceptions, dimension-specific genetic influences accounted for modest amounts of variance. CONCLUSIONS: To inform theory and guide molecular genetic studies, an etiologic model is offered in which 3 patterns of pleiotropy are hypothesized to be the principal modes of genetic risk transmission for common forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Some common environmental influences were found, but consistent with a "generalist genes, specialist environments" model, there was little sharing of environmental influences. This implies that prevalent dimensions of child and adolescent psychopathology mostly share their genetic liabilities but are differentiated by nonshared experiences.
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The size of basal ganglia regions may initially correlate with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, which decline over time and may disappear during adulthood.
“However, the size of basal ganglia regions may initially correlate with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, which decline over time and may disappear during adulthood [24].”
From The brain anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults—a magnetic resonance imaging study (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
The reduced grey matter concentrations in the left caudate head in young adults with ADHD suggest that the macrostructural abnormalities in the basal ganglia may normalize at a later stage in adults with ADHD.
“In addition, the reduced grey matter concentrations in the left caudate head in young adults with ADHD suggest that the macrostructural abnormalities in the basal ganglia may normalize at a later stage in adults with ADHD [7, 10, 24].”
From The brain anatomy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in young adults—a magnetic resonance imaging study (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Lahey, B. B., Van Hulle, C. A., Singh, A. L., Waldman, I. D., & Rathouz, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lahey, Benjamin B.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-02-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 181
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3322461
- OpenAlex
- W2120141452
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 19.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH086099, R01 MH59111, R01MH059111)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- child and adolescent psychopathology, genetic structure, environmental structure, twin studies, pleiotropy, nonshared environment, etiology, symptom dimensions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Agoraphobia, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Models, Psychological, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phenotype, Phobic Disorders, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Genetic Variation, Incidence, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Pleiotropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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