Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability of a General Psychopathology Factor in Children
Open accessAbstract
Objective Co-occurrence of mental disorders is commonly observed, but the etiology underlying this observation is poorly understood. Studies in adolescents and adults have identified a general psychopathology factor associated with a high risk for different psychiatric disorders. We defined a multi-informant general psychopathology factor in school-aged children and estimated its single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability. The goal was to test the hypothesis that child behavioral and emotional problems are under the influence of highly pleiotropic common autosomal genetic variants that nonspecifically increase the risk for different dimensions of psychopathology.Method Children from the Generation R cohort were repeatedly assessed between ages 6 to 8 years. Child behavior problems were reported by parents, teachers, and children. Confirmatory factor analysis estimated a general psychopathology factor across informants using various psychiatric problem scales. Validation of the general psychopathology factor was based on IQ and temperamental measures. Genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA) was used to estimate the SNP heritability (N = 2,115).Results The general psychopathology factor was associated with lower IQ, higher negative affectivity, and lower effortful control, but not with surgency. Importantly, the general psychopathology factor showed a significant SNP heritability of 38% (SE = 0.16, p = .008).Conclusion Common autosomal SNPs are pleiotropically associated with internalizing, externalizing, and other child behavior problems, and underlie a general psychopathology factor in childhood.
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The p factor is associated with genetic and cognitive links: neuroticism correlated more with the general bifactor than specific factors, the association was partly heritable, and the general bifactor was associated with IQ and negative affectivity.
“The general bifactor associated with IQ and negative affectivity and was partly heritable.”
From Methods and challenges for assessing heterogeneity (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
A common framework is comparisons between bifactor and correlated factor models using confirmatory factor analysis.
“A common framework is comparisons between bifactor (Figure 2A) and correlated factor models (Figure 2B) using confirmatory factor analysis (27,28,32–35,37–39).”
From Methods and challenges for assessing heterogeneity (2020) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Neumann, A., Pappa, I., Lahey, B. B., Verhulst, F. C., Medina-Gomez, C., Jaddoe, V. W., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Moffitt, T. E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Tiemeier, H.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children’s Hospital (NL)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tiemeier, Henning
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1038-1045.e4
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2528247382
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 22.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- general psychopathology factor, child behavior problems, child emotional problems, pleiotropy, common genetic variants, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, IQ, negative affectivity, effortful control, multi-informant assessment, Generation R cohort
- MeSH terms
- Problem Behavior, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Pleiotropy
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