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Cited by 136Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingCriminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Prevalence and Persistence of Psychiatric Disorders in Youth After Detention: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Open access
Teplin, Linda A., Welty, Leah J., Abram, Karen M., Dulcan, Mina K., Washburn, Jason J.·2012·Archives of General Psychiatry
DOI 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2062PMC PMC3737771
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Abstract

CONTEXT: Psychiatric disorders are prevalent among incarcerated juveniles. Most juveniles eventually return to their communities, where they become the responsibility of the community mental health system. However, no large-scale study has examined psychiatric disorders after youth leave detention. OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in the prevalence and persistence of psychiatric disorders during the 5 years after detention, focusing on sex and racial/ethnic differences. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study with up to 5 interviews (1829 youth: 1172 males and 657 females). To ensure representation of key demographic subgroups, the randomly selected sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity (African American, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic), age, and legal status (juvenile or adult court). SETTING: The Northwestern Juvenile Project, sampling youth from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center, Chicago, Illinois. PARTICIPANTS: Detained youth, aged 10 to 18 years at baseline interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At baseline, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3. At follow-up interviews, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (Child and Young Adult versions) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version IV (substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder). RESULTS: Five years after baseline, more than 45% of males and nearly 30% of females had 1 or more psychiatric disorders with associated impairment. More than 50% of males and more than 40% of females had 1 or more psychiatric disorders without impairment. Substance use disorders were the most common; males, however, had higher rates over time (5 years after baseline, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.61; 95% CI, 1.96-3.47). Non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics also had higher rates of substance use disorders vs African Americans (AOR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.54-2.49 and AOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.24-2.03). Females had higher rates of major depression over time (AOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.22-2.08). CONCLUSIONS: Although prevalence rates of most psychiatric disorders declined as youth aged, a substantial proportion of delinquent youth continue to have disorders. There are notable sex and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence and persistence of psychiatric disorders in this population.

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Crossref · 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2062

Cites

146 of 146 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 124 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Compared with African Americans, Hispanics had 3.82 times the odds of panic disorder (95% CI 1.54-9.47).

    “Compared with African Americans, Hispanics had 3.82 times the odds of panic disorder (95% CI, 1.54–9.47)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Even after adjusting for time spent in correctional facilities, substance use disorders were more common among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics than African Americans.

    “Even after adjusting for time spent in correctional facilities, substance use disorders were more common among non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics than African Americans”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Time spent in correctional facilities adequately captures the restriction on access to alcohol and drugs that affects substance use disorder prevalence.
  • Findingown data

    Prevalence of panic disorder increased slightly overall (AOR 1.30 per year; 95% CI 1.03-1.65).

    “The prevalence of panic disorder increased slightly overall (AOR, 1.30 per year; 95% CI, 1.03–1.65).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Females had higher rates of any anxiety disorder (AOR 1.42; 95% CI 1.06-1.91).

    “Females had higher rates of any anxiety disorder (AOR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06–1.91).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics had more than twice the odds of any anxiety disorder (AOR 2.18; 95% CI 1.37-3.49).

    “Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics had more than twice the odds of any anxiety disorder (AOR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.37–3.49)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 35
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Prevalence of any disruptive behavior disorder decreased over time, but the rate of decrease depended on sex.

    “The prevalence of any disruptive behavior disorder decreased over time, but the rate of decrease depended on sex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Non-Hispanic whites had the highest rates of any disruptive behavior disorder over time, followed by Hispanics.

    “non-Hispanic whites had the highest rates of any disruptive behavior disorder over time (W vs AA: AOR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.80–3.04; W vs H: AOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.16–2.11), followed by Hispanics (H vs AA: AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.10–2.04).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Males and females did not have significantly different rates of any disruptive behavior disorder at baseline, but prevalence decreased faster among females than males.

    “Males and females did not have significantly different rates of any disruptive behavior disorder at baseline, but prevalence decreased faster among females than among males.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Rates of PTSD appeared to decrease, especially for females, but the trend was not statistically significant (AOR 0.93; 95% CI 0.81-1.05).

    “Although rates of PTSD appeared to decrease, especially for females, this trend was not statistically significant (AOR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.81–1.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    By follow-up, disparities between males and females in substance use disorders increased substantially because prevalence rates decreased faster for females than males.

    “By the follow-up interviews, however, the disparities between males and females increased substantially because prevalence rates decreased faster for females than for males.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    More than one-quarter of African American females and more than one-third of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white females had any disorder at Time 2.

    “More than one-quarter of African American females and more than one-third of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white females had any disorder.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among males at Time 2, 44% of African Americans, 50% of Hispanics, and 64% of non-Hispanic whites had any disorder.

    “Among males, 44% of African Americans, 50% of Hispanics, and 64% of non-Hispanic whites had any disorder at Time 2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Prevalence of substance use disorders generally decreased over time, but the rate of decrease depended on sex.

    “The prevalence of substance use disorders generally decreased over time, but the rate of decrease depended on sex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At Time 2, more than 45% of males and nearly 30% of females had any disorder with impairment.

    “Five years after baseline, more than 45% of males and nearly 30% of females had one or more psychiatric disorders with associated impairment.”
    • Also stated in: § Prevalence · plain
      “At Time 2, more than 45% of males and nearly 30% of females had any disorder (with impairment).”
    • Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
      “five years after detention, when participants were ages 14 to 24 years, nearly half of males and nearly 30% of females had one or more psychiatric disorders with associated impairment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nearly 14% of Hispanic females and nearly one-quarter of Hispanic males in our sample had a drug use disorder, compared with less than 5% of Hispanics in the NCS-R.

    “nearly 14% of Hispanic females and nearly one-quarter of Hispanic males had a drug use disorder, compared with less than 5% of Hispanics in the NCS-R.99”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] NCS-R dataset Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys Web site http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CPES Accessed March 15, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    About 20% of males in our sample had a drug use disorder, compared with about 7% in the NCS-R.

    “For example, we found about 20% of males had a drug use disorder, compared with about 7% in the NCS-R;”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] NCS-R dataset Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys Web site http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CPES Accessed March 15, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Rates of substance use disorders and disruptive behavior disorders were lower in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites.

    “Rates of substance use disorders and disruptive behavior disorders were lower in African Americans than non-Hispanic whites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Any disruptive behavior disorder was among the most persistent disorders in males, and at Time 2 was significantly more likely to persist in males than in females.

    “Any disruptive behavior disorder was also among the most persistent disorders in males, and at Time 2 was significantly more likely to persist in males than in females.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Our sample is most notably different from the general population in substance use disorders: our rates decreased over time.

    “Again, our sample is most notably different than the general population in substance use disorders: our rates decreased over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Substance use disorders were among the most persistent disorders for both males and females, but were significantly more likely to persist among males than females.

    “Substance use disorders were among the most persistent disorders for both males and females, but were significantly more likely to persist among males than females.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among females, compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic whites had about 3 times the odds of persisting at Time 1 with any substance use disorder and alcohol use disorder, and at Time 2 of persisting with drug disorder.

    “Compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic whites had about 3 times the odds of persisting at Time 1 with any substance use disorder and its subcategory, alcohol use disorder, and at Time 2 of persisting with drug disorder.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In the study sample, alcohol- and drug-related diagnoses ranked among the most frequent and enduring conditions, with no variation by sex or race/ethnicity.

    “Irrespective of sex or race/ethnicity, alcohol and drug use disorders were among the most common and persistent disorders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Harrington et al.'s study was conducted in the United Kingdom, limiting generalizability to juvenile detainees in the United States.

    “Moreover, the study was conducted in the United Kingdom, limiting generalizability to juvenile detainees in the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Harrington RC Kroll L Rothwell J McCarthy K Bradley D Bailey S Psychosocial needs of boys in secure care for serious or persistent offending Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005 46 8 859 866 16033634

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A 2008 literature review concluded that psychiatric disorders are substantially more common in adolescents in detention than among adolescents in the general population.

    “A 2008 literature review concluded that psychiatric disorders are substantially more common in adolescents in detention than among adolescents in the general population.14”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Fazel S Doll H Långström N Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008 47 9 1010 1019 18664994

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Harrington et al.'s sample excluded females, was 80% white, and was too small (n=97) to permit detailed analyses.

    “Their sample, however, excluded females, was 80% white, and was too small (n=97) to permit detailed analyses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Harrington RC Kroll L Rothwell J McCarthy K Bradley D Bailey S Psychosocial needs of boys in secure care for serious or persistent offending Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005 46 8 859 866 16033634

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Because delinquent youth have few protective factors, many are vulnerable to continued psychiatric morbidity as they age.

    “Because delinquent youth have few protective factors to offset these risks, many are vulnerable to continued psychiatric morbidity as they age.18”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Wareham J Dembo R A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Functioning Among Juvenile Offenders: A Latent Growth Model Analysis Criminal Justice and Behavior 2007 34 2 259 273

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    88.7% of participants had every scheduled interview.

    “88.7% of participants had every scheduled interview.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study procedures were approved by the Northwestern University IRB and CDC IRB, which waived parental consent for minors consistent with federal regulations.

    “The Northwestern University Institutional Review Board and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Institutional Review Board approved all study procedures and waived parental consent for persons younger than 18 years, consistent with federal regulations regarding research with minimal risk.75”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Federal Register Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects: Notices and Rules. Part 2 56 117 18 6 28002 32 (56 FR 28002) 1991 10112214

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Sampling weights with nonresponse adjustment were used to generate prevalence rates reflecting CCJTDC's population.

    “To generate prevalence rates that reflect CCJTDC’s population, each participant was assigned a sampling weight augmented with a nonresponse adjustment to account for missing data.87”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Korn E Graubard B Analysis of Health Surveys New York Wiley 1999

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and legal status to ensure adequate representation of key subgroups.

    “To ensure adequate representation of key subgroups, we stratified our sample by sex, race/ethnicity (classified via self-identification as African American, non-Hispanic white, or Hispanic), age (10–13 years or ≥14 years), and legal status (processed in juvenile or adult court).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Interviewers were trained for at least 1 month, and consistency across interviewers was established and maintained via scripted mock interviews.

    “All interviewers were trained for at least 1 month. For each wave, consistency across interviewers was established and maintained via scripted mock interviews following training and mid-wave.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    All models describing substance use disorders included linear and quadratic terms for time incarcerated prior to interviews.

    “Because detention may alter access to substances, all models describing substance use disorders included linear and quadratic terms for time incarcerated prior to the interviews.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Time spent in correctional facilities adequately captures the restriction on access to alcohol and drugs that affects substance use disorder prevalence.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Refusal rates did not differ significantly by sex, race/ethnicity, or age.

    “There were no significant differences in refusal rates by sex, race/ethnicity, or age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Even if initially sampled, youth may be lost to follow-up when incarcerated because they cannot be found and because studying prisoners requires special approvals.

    “Even if sampled initially, youth may be lost to follow-up when they are incarcerated because they cannot be found, and because studying prisoners requires special procedures and approvals from the Secretary of Health and Human Services.66”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Office of Human Research Protections OHRP Guidance on the Involvement of Prisoners in Research Bethesda, MD Department of Health and Human Services 2003

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Juvenile detainees become a community public health problem when released and may continue to burden society as they age.

    “Thus, juvenile detainees become a community public health problem when they are released and may continue to burden society as they age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Of approximately one-half million incarcerated youth and young adults, nearly 70% are African American or Hispanic, compared with one-third in the general population.

    “Of the approximately one-half million incarcerated youth and young adults (ages 24 and younger), nearly 70% are African American or Hispanic,17, 71 compared with one -third in the general population.72”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17] Sickmund M Sladky TJ Kang W Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/cjrp/ Accessed November 25, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] West HC Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009 -Statistical Tables Washington, D.C U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010

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    • cites [72] US Census Bureau Resident Population by Race, Hispanic Origin, and Single Years of Age: 2009. Table 20 Monthly Resident Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2000 to December 1, 2010 [ http://www.census.gov/popest/national/asrh/2009-nat-res.html Accessed March 18, 2011 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    GEE models included covariates for sex, race/ethnicity, aging, age at baseline, and legal status.

    “All GEE models included covariates for sex, race/ethnicity (African American, Hispanic, non-Hispanic white), and aging (time since baseline). We also included age at baseline (10–18 years) and legal status at detention (processed in juvenile or adult court) because they were stratification characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The DISC 2.3 is highly structured, contains detailed symptom probes, has acceptable reliability and validity, and requires relatively brief training.

    “The DISC 2.3 is highly structured, contains detailed symptom probes, has acceptable reliability and validity, and requires relatively brief training.76, 78–81”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [76] Shaffer D Fisher P Dulcan MK Davies M Piacentini J Schwab-Stone ME Lahey BB Bourdon K Jensen PS Bird HR Canino G Regier DA The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): Description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the Meca Study J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 35 7 865 877 8768346

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    • cites [78] Piacentini J Shaffer D Fisher PW Schwab-Stone M Davies M Gioia E The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children--Revised Version (DISC--R): III. Concurrent criterion validity Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1993 32 3 658 665 8496130

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    • cites [79] Schwab-Stone M Fisher PW Piacentini J Shaffer D Davies M Briggs M The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children--Revised version (DISC--R): II. Test-retest reliability Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1993 32 3 651 657 8496129

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    • cites [80] Schwab-Stone ME Shaffer D Dulcan MK Jensen PS Fisher P Bird HR Goodman SH Lahey BB Lichtman JH Canino G Rubio-Stipec M Rae DS Criterion validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1996 35 7 878 888 8768347

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    • cites [81] Shaffer D Schwab-Stone M Fisher PW Cohen P Piacentini J Davies M Conners C Reiger D The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children--Revised version (DISC--R): I. Preparation, field testing, interrater reliability, and acceptability Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1993 32 3 643 650 8496128

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies of high-risk youth have included youth with histories of detention but none distinguished between youth with and without histories of detention.

    “Youth with histories of detention have been included in studies of high -risk youth: the homeless,28, 29 youth living in impoverished or high-crime neighborhoods,30–34 and the offspring of parents who used substances or had psychiatric disorders.29, 35–46 Yet, none of these studies distinguished between youth with and without histories of detention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [28] Craig TKJ Hodson S Homeless youth in London: II. Accommodation, employment and health outcomes at 1 year Psychological Medicine 2000 30 1 187 194 10722189

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    • cites [29] Meyer SE Carlson GA Youngstrom E Ronsaville DS Martinez PE Gold PW Hakak R Radke-Yarrow M Long-term outcomes of youth who manifested the CBCL-Pediatric Bipolar Disorder phenotype during childhood and/or adolescence Journal of Affective Disorders 2009 113 3 227 235 18632161

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    • cites [30] Mason WA Kosterman R Hawkins JD Herrenkohl TI Lengua LJ McCauley E Predicting depression, social phobia, and violence in early adulthood from childhood behavior problems Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2004 43 3 307 315 15076264

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    • cites [31] Cohen P Chen H Crawford TN Brook JS Gordon K Personality disorders in early adolescence and the development of later substance use disorders in the general population Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007 88 S71 s84 17227697 PMC2034357

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    • cites [32] Fothergill KE Ensminger ME Childhood and adolescent antecedents of drug and alcohol problems: A longitudinal study Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006 82 1 61 76 16150555 PMC5827970

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    • cites [33] Fothergill KE Ensminger ME Green KM Crum RM Robertson J Juon H-S The impact of early school behavior and educational achievement on adult drug use disorders: A prospective study Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2008 92 1 191 199 17869029 PMC2393553

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    • cites [34] Crum RM Juon H-S Green KM Robertson J Fothergill K Ensminger M Educational achievement and early school behavior as predictors of alcohol-use disorders: 35-year follow-up of the Woodlawn Study Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2006 67 1 75 85 16536131 PMC5784844

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    • cites [35] Egeland JA Shaw JA Endicott J Pauls DL Allen CR Hostetter AM Sussex JN Prospective study of prodromal features for bipolarity in well Amish children Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2003 42 7 786 796 12819438

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    • cites [36] Weissman MM Warner V Wickramaratne P Moreau D Olfson M Offspring of depressed parents: 10 years later Archives of General Psychiatry 1997 54 932 940 9337774

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    • cites [37] Clark DB Parker AM Lynch KG Psychopathology and substance-related problems during early adolescence: A survival analysis Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1999 28 3 333 341 10446682

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Although prevalence rates of most psychiatric disorders declined over time, a substantial proportion of delinquent youth continue to have disorders as they age.

    “Although prevalence rates of most psychiatric disorders declined over time, a substantial proportion of delinquent youth continue to have disorders.”
    • Also stated in: § COMMENT · plain
      “Although prevalence rates of most psychiatric disorders declined over time, a substantial proportion of delinquent youth continue to have disorders as they age.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Although retention rates were high, participants who missed interviews might be more likely to have had disorders than those who were found.

    “Although retention rates were high, participants who missed interviews might be more likely to have had disorders than those who were found.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants who missed interviews are missing at random conditional on the observed covariates used in the weighting and models.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As summarized by Costello et al., many disorders in the general population decrease from adolescence to young adulthood, with the exception of panic disorders and substance use disorders, which increase; findings on depression have been equivocal.

    “As summarized in the recent literature review by Costello et al,109 many disorders in the general population decrease from adolescence to young adulthood, with the exception of panic disorders and substance use disorders, which increase;48, 110–115 findings on depression have been equivocal.48, 110–115”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [109] Costello EJ Copeland W Angold A Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011 52 10 1015 1025 21815892 PMC3204367

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    • cites [48] Copeland WE Shanahan L Costello J Angold A Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders Archives of General Psychiatry 2009 66 7 764 772 19581568 PMC2891142

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    • cites [110] Wittchen HU Nelson CB Lachner G Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults Psychological Medicine 1998 28 1 109 126 9483687

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    • cites [111] Jaffee SR Moffitt TE Caspi A Fombonne E Poulton R Martin J Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression Archives of General Psychiatry 2002 59 3 215 222 11879158

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    • cites [112] Richardson LP Davis R Poulton R McCauley E Moffitt TE Caspi A Connell F A longitudinal evaluation of adolescent depression and adult obesity Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2003 157 8 739 745 12912778

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    • cites [113] Moffitt TE Harrington H Caspi A Kim-Cohen J Goldberg D Gregory AM Poulton R Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Cumulative and sequential comorbidity in a birth cohort followed prospectively to age 32 years Archives of General Psychiatry 2007 64 6 651 660 17548747

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    • cites [114] Newman DL Moffitt TE Caspi A Magdol L Silva PA Stanton WR Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: Prevalence, comorbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11–21 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996 64 3 552 562 8698949

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    • cites [115] Kessler RC Walters EE Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey Depression and Anxiety 1998 7 1 3 14 9592628

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Persistence of substance use disorders is not comparable between our study and Copeland et al. because definitions differed; Copeland et al. used more liberal impairment criteria and included nicotine.

    “Persistence of substance use disorders are not comparable because definitions differed; Copeland et al48 used more liberal impairment criteria and included nicotine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Copeland WE Shanahan L Costello J Angold A Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders Archives of General Psychiatry 2009 66 7 764 772 19581568 PMC2891142

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These findings may reflect underlying racial/ethnic disparities in the legal system and different pathways by which non-Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities enter the system.

    “These findings may reflect underlying racial/ethnic disparities in the legal system, 71, 100–102 and the different pathways by which non -Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities enter the system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [71] West HC Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009 -Statistical Tables Washington, D.C U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [100] Puzzanchera C Kang W Easy Access to Juvenile Court Statistics: 1985–2008 http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezajcs/

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [101] Sickmund M Sladky TJ Kang W Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezacjrp/

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [102] Minton TD Jail Inmates at Midyear 2010 -Statistical Tables Washington, DC US Department of Justice 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    It is difficult to compare specific prevalence rates in our sample with those in the general population because differences in instrumentation and sample demographics limit meaningful comparisons.

    “It is difficult to compare specific prevalence rates in our sample with those in the general population because differences in instrumentation and sample demographics limit meaningful comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We cannot know if psychiatric disorders increase the likelihood of arrest and detention or vice versa.

    “We cannot know if psychiatric disorders increase the likelihood of arrest and detention or vice versa.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Rates would likely have been higher had caretakers been available to provide independent reports at baseline.

    “Rates would likely have been higher had caretakers been available to provide independent reports at baseline.15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Teplin LA Abram KM McClelland GM Dulcan MK Mericle AA Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention Archives of General Psychiatry 2002 59 12 1133 1143 12470130 PMC2861992

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many investigators suggest that disproportionate minority confinement for drug offenses is due, in part, to disparate enforcement of drug laws in African American communities, rather than higher rates of use or dealing.

    “Many investigators suggest that disproportionate minority confinement for drug offenses is due, in part, to disparate enforcement of drug laws in African American communities, rather than higher rates of use or dealing.103–106”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [103] Beckett K Nyrop K Pfingst L Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests Criminology 2006 44 1 105 137

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Beckett K Nyrop K Pfingst L Bowen M Drug use, drug possession arrests, and the question of race: Lessons from Seattle Social Problems 2005 52 3 419 441

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Moore LD Elkavich A Who’s using and who’s doing time: Incarceration, the War on Drugs, and public health American Journal of Public Health 2008 98 782 786 18381984 PMC2374804

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Gorvin I Targeting Blacks: Drug Law Enforcement and Race in the United States New York Human Rights Watch 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Delinquent males may have fewer opportunities to assume age-appropriate social roles-jobs, post-secondary schooling-turning points that might reduce problem behaviors.

    “Second, delinquent males may have fewer opportunities to assume age-appropriate social roles—jobs, post-secondary schooling—turning points that might reduce problem behaviors.95”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Sampson RJ Laub JH Crime and deviance in the life course Annual Review of Sociology 1992 18 63 84

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    It was not feasible to study more than one jurisdiction; because prevalence of psychiatric disorders may vary across jurisdictions, generalizability may be limited.

    “Moreover, it was not feasible to study more than one jurisdiction; because the prevalence of psychiatric disorders may vary across jurisdictions,14, 121, 122 generalizability may be limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Fazel S Doll H Långström N Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: A systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2008 47 9 1010 1019 18664994

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [121] Fazel S Danesh J Serious mental disorder in 23,000 prisoners: A systematic review of 62 surveys The Lancet 2002 359 9306 545 550 11867106

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [122] Wasserman GA McReynolds LS Craig SS Keating JM Jones SA Psychiatric disorder, comorbidity, and suicidal behavior in juvenile justice youth Criminal Justice and Behavior 2010 37 12 1361 1376

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The observed sex differences in externalizing disorders are consistent with those in the general population, where males are up to ten times more likely than females to persist in antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood.

    “The observed sex differences in externalizing disorders are consistent with those in the general population, where males are up to ten times more likely than females to persist in antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood.93”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Moffitt TE Caspi A Harrington H Milne BJ Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: follow-up at age 26 years Development and Psychopathology 2002 14 1 179 207 11893092

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Findings might have been marginally different had identical measures and time frames been used at baseline and follow-up.

    “Findings might have been marginally different had we been able to use identical measures and time frames at the baseline and follow-up interviews.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Our findings do not take into account mental health services that might have been provided.

    “Our findings do not take into account mental health services that might have been provided.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Our data are subject to the limitations of self-report.

    “Our data are subject to the limitations of self-report.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reports accurately reflect their psychiatric disorders.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although the NCS-R used different, often less stringent impairment criteria and did not assess the same disorders, it provides DSM-IV diagnoses for a similarly aged sample (18-24 years).

    “Although the NCS-R used different, and often less stringent, impairment criteria and did not assess the same disorders (such as antisocial personality disorder), it provides DSM-IV diagnoses for a similarly aged sample (18–24 years).107, 108”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [107] National Comorbidity Survey Harvard School of Medicine Web site http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/diagnosis.php Accessed March 16, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [108] NCS and NCS-R Data Harvard School of Medicine Web site http://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/ncs_data.php Accessed March 16, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Precocious transition to adult social roles, such as parenthood, may be associated with worse outcomes for males than for females.

    “Finally, precocious transition to adult social roles, such as parenthood, may be associated with worse outcomes for males than for females.96–98”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [96] Kreager DA Matsueda RL Erosheva EA Motherhood and Criminal Desistance in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Criminology 2010 48 1 221 258

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [97] Hope TL Wilder EI Watt TT The relationships among adolescent pregnancy, pregnancy resolution, and juvenile delinquency The Sociological Quarterly 2003 44 4

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [98] Thornberry TP Wei EH Stouthamer-Loeber M Van Dyke J Teenage Fatherhood and Delinquent Behavior Washington, D. C U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 2000

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Under 10% of juveniles with an alcohol use problem obtained specialty services during the prior year.

    “SAMHSA reports, for example, that fewer than 10% of juveniles147 and adults 148 with an “alcohol use problem” received specialty services in the past year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Results from the 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Volume I. Summary of National Findings Rockville, MD Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Medicaid expansion offers no benefit to prisoners, since federal law forbids Medicaid payments for people held in public institutions.

    “the expansion of Medicaid provides no benefit to prisoners because federal law prohibits Medicaid payments for individuals—juvenile or adult—who are inmates of public institutions (20 CFR §416.211).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 20 CFR §416.211

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Programs funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, including Girl Talk and Girl Scouts in Detention Centers, met needs of delinquent girls.

    “innovative programs funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention133—such as Girl Talk,134 and Girl Scouts in Detention Centers—addressed the needs of delinquent females.135–137”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [133] US Department of Justice Correctional Populations in the United States, 1998 Washington, DC US Department of Justice 2001 NCJ 192929

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [134] Shaffner L A study of GIRLS LINK collaborative; part one: The evaluation of the GIRLS LINK collaborative Chicago, IL Cook County Bureau of Public Safety and Judicial Coordination 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [135] Slowikowski J In Focus: Girls’ Delinquency Washington, DC US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [136] Greene Peters and Associates Guiding principles for promising female programming: An inventory of best practices http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/principles/contents.html Accessed March, 22, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [137] Sherman FT Pathways to Juvenile Detention Reform: Detention Reform and Girls Baltimore, MD The Annie E. Casey Foundation 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Males account for 70% of juvenile arrests.

    “males, who comprise 70% of juvenile arrests and 85% of youth in correctional facilities.17, 129”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Sickmund M Sladky TJ Kang W Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement Databook http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/cjrp/ Accessed November 25, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [129] Puzzanchera C Juvenile Arrests 2008 US Departemnt of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 2009 NCJ 228479

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Under 10% of adults with an alcohol use problem obtained specialty services during the prior year.

    “SAMHSA reports, for example, that fewer than 10% of juveniles147 and adults 148 with an “alcohol use problem” received specialty services in the past year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/tabs/LOTSect5pe.htm#TopOfPage Accessed October 4, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Further development and wider use of these programs could reduce illegal behavior and offer cost-effective alternatives to incarceration.

    “Continued development and dissemination of these programs can further reduce illegal behaviors and provide cost-effective alternatives to incarceration.141”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Aos S Phillips P Barnoski B Lieb R The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime Olympia, WA Washington State Institute for Public Policy 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

57 of 57

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Time spent in correctional facilities adequately captures the restriction on access to alcohol and drugs that affects substance use disorder prevalence.

    “Because detention may alter access to substances, all models describing substance use disorders included linear and quadratic terms for time incarcerated prior to the interviews.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants' self-reports accurately reflect their psychiatric disorders.

    “Our data are subject to the limitations of self-report.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Participants who missed interviews are missing at random conditional on the observed covariates used in the weighting and models.

    “Although retention rates were high, participants who missed interviews might be more likely to have had disorders than those who were found.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The diagnostic instruments measure the same constructs comparably across sex and racial/ethnic groups.

    “The DISC 2.3 is highly structured, contains detailed symptom probes, has acceptable reliability and validity, and requires relatively brief training.76, 78–81”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Incarceration disrupts community treatment.

    “Incarceration disrupts community treatment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Virtually all detained juveniles and incarcerated adults will eventually return to the community.

    “where virtually all detained juveniles and incarcerated adults will eventually return.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting upper confidence limit for the Hispanic substance-use estimate

    Minor

    The abstract and Results section report the same adjusted odds ratio for Hispanics versus African Americans, but give different upper limits for its 95% confidence interval: 2.03 and 2.30.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. [1]Davis DL Bean GJ Schumacher JE Stringer TL Prevalence of emotional disorders in a juvenile justice institutional population American Journal of Forensic Psychology 1991 9 1 5 17
  2. [86]Compton WM Cottler LB Hilsenroth M Segal DL The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment 2 Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons 2004 153 162
  3. [88]Cochran WG Sampling Techniques New York, NY John Wiley & Sons 1977

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Teplin, L. A., Welty, L. J., Abram, K. M., Dulcan, M. K., & Washburn, J. J.
Affiliations
Northwestern University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2012-10-01
Volume
69
Issue
10
Pages
1031
ISSN
0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2062
PMC
PMC3737771
OpenAlex
W2086824673
Semantic Scholar
3246fa0d4b0f8b150b3c77cd80d3f443207a3fd0
Cited by
136
References
146
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
FWCI
15.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000150)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH59463, R01 MH 54197, R01MH059463, R01MH054197)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA028763, R01DA022953, R01DA019380)
  • National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
juvenile detention, mental illness, delinquent youth, substance use disorders, major depressive disorder, antisocial personality disorder, sex differences, racial and ethnic differences, African American youth, Latino youth, community mental health, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, antisocial behavior, substance use comorbidity, post-release outcomes
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Black or African American, Child, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Illinois, Juvenile Delinquency, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prisoners, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, Prevalence, White People

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.

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