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Cited by 458Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in a community sample: Predictors of recurrence in young adults

Lewinsohn, Peter M., Rohde, Paul, Seeley, John R., Klein, Daniel N., Gotlib, Ian H.·2000·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1584
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose was to identify factors related to the recurrence of major depressive disorder during young adulthood (19-23 years of age) in a community sample of formerly depressed adolescents. METHOD: A total of 274 participants with adolescent-onset major depressive disorder were assessed twice during adolescence and again after their 24th birthday. Lifetime psychiatric information was obtained from their first-degree relatives. Adolescent predictor variables included demographic characteristics, psychosocial variables, characteristics of adolescent major depressive disorder, comorbidity, family history of major depressive disorder and nonmood disorder, and antisocial and borderline personality disorder symptoms. RESULTS: Low levels of excessive emotional reliance, a single episode of major depressive disorder in adolescence, low proportion of family members with recurrent major depressive disorder, low levels of antisocial and borderline personality disorder symptoms, and a positive attributional style (males only) independently predicted which formerly depressed adolescents would remain free of future psychopathology. Female gender, multiple major depressive disorder episodes in adolescence, higher proportion of family members with recurrent major depressive disorder, elevated borderline personality disorder symptoms, and conflict with parents (females only) independently predicted recurrent major depressive disorder. Comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders in adolescence and elevated antisocial personality disorder symptoms independently distinguished adolescents who developed recurrent major depressive disorder comorbid with nonmood disorder from those who developed pure major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Formerly depressed adolescents with the risk factors identified in this study are at elevated risk for recurrence of major depressive disorder during young adulthood and therefore warrant continued monitoring and preventive or prophylactic treatment.

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Crossref · 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1584

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  • Depression is a recurrent disorder.

    “A third possibility results from the observation that depression is a recurrent disorder (e.g., Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000).”

    From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000

  • Depression is a recurring disorder, so an episode in adolescence can predispose an individual to later episodes.

    “The emphasis on adolescents is particularly important because depression is a recurring disorder, so an episode in adolescence can predispose the individual to later episodes (e.g., Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000).”

    From Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms (2017) · cites this paper as Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000

  • Clinical variables such as number of previous episodes, severity of last episode, and family history of MDD are strong predictors of recurrence.

    “However, clinical variables such as number of previous episodes [7, 11, 19–22], severity of last episode [21, 22] and family history of MDD [21– 23] were strong predictors of recurrence.”

    From Predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [23]

  • In our study, family history of psychiatric illnesses was not associated with recurrence of MDD.

    “Results regarding family history and recurrence also have been inconsistent–a number of previous studies have reported that a family history of psychiatric illnesses was not associated with recurrence of MDD [11, 44, 64, 65], similar to what we have found in our study.”

    From Predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [64]

  • Other studies reported that family history significantly predicted recurrence.

    “Other studies [21–23] have reported that family history significantly predicted recurrence.”

    From Predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [23]

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Authors
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D. N., & Gotlib, I. H.
Affiliations
Oregon Research Institute (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2000-10-01
Volume
157
Issue
10
Pages
1584-1591
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1584
OpenAlex
W2083416455
Cited by
458
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI
22.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH052858, R01MH040501, MH40501, MH 50522, R01MH050522, MH 52858)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords
adolescent major depressive disorder, depression recurrence, early adulthood, risk factors, family history of depression, borderline symptoms, attributional style, parental conflict, anxiety comorbidity, substance use disorders, depression prevention
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Comorbidity, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Substance-Related Disorders, Secondary Prevention

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