Standard Care Impact on Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Interventions: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

de Bruin, Marijn

doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.536

Cited by 181HIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsMedication Adherence and ComplianceHIV/AIDS drug development and treatment

Standard Care Impact on Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Interventions: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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de Bruin, Marijn·2010·Archives of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.536

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to medication limits the effectiveness of treatment for human immunodeficiency virus. Systematic reviews can identify practical and effective interventions. Meta-analyses that control for variability in standard care provided to control groups may produce more accurate estimates of intervention effects. METHODS: To examine whether viral load and adherence success rates could be accurately explained by the active content of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) adherence interventions when controlling for variability in care delivered to controls, databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of HAART adherence interventions published from 1996 to January 2009. A total of 1342 records were retrieved, and 52 articles were examined in detail. Directly observed therapy and interventions targeting specific patient groups (ie, psychiatric or addicted patients, patients <18 years) were excluded, yielding a final sample of 31 trials. Two coders independently retrieved study details. Authors were contacted to complete missing data. RESULTS: Twenty studies were included in the analyses. The content of adherence care provided to control and intervention groups predicted viral load and adherence success rates in both conditions (P < .001 for all comparisons), with an estimated impact of optimal adherence care of 55 percentage points. After controlling for variability in care provided to controls, the capacity of the interventions accurately predicted viral load and adherence effect sizes (R(2) = 0.78, P = .02; R(2) = 0.28, P < .01). Although interventions were generally beneficial, their effectiveness reduced noticeably with increasing levels of standard care. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention and control patients were exposed to effective adherence care. Future meta-analyses of (behavior change) interventions should control for variability in care delivered to active controls. Clinical practice may be best served by implementing current best practice.

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There is a recognised need to specify interventions in greater detail and with more consistent terminology and for evaluation studies to specify the components of the interventions in both the experimental and control groups.
“There is a recognised need to specify interventions in greater detail and with more consistent terminology and for evaluation studies to specify the components of the interventions in both the experimental and control groups [17–21].”
From From Theory-Inspired to Theory-Based Interventions: A Protocol for Developing and Testing a Methodology for Linking Behaviour Change Techniques to Theoretical Mechanisms of Action (2018) · cites this paper as [20]

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Amico, K. R., Harman, J. J., & O’Grady, M. A. (2008) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-008-0026-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Assessing Usual Care in Clinical Trials of Adherence Interventions for Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Wagner, G. J., & Kanouse, D. E. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200306010-00026 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Clinical and Economic Implications of Non-Adherence to HAART in HIV Infection
Scalera, A., Bayoumi, A. M., OH, P. I., Risebrough, N. A., Shear, N. H., & Tseng, A. L.-I. (2002) · Disease Management & Health Outcomes · doi:10.2165/00115677-200210020-00003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL MEDICATION
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Influencing medication adherence among women with AIDS
de la Matta, M. J. (2003) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120301030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of a behavioral intervention on antiretroviral medication adherence among people living with HIV: The Healthy Living Project randomized controlled study
Johnson, M. O., Charlebois, E. D., Morin, S. F., Remien, R. H., & Chesney, M. A. (2007) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 3 · see citing works

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Thompson, M., Mugavero, M. J., Amico, K. R., Cargill, V. A., Chang, L. W., Gross, R., Orrell, C., Altice, F. L., Bangsberg, D. R., Bartlett, J. G., et al. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-11-201206050-00419 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
“…Theory of Planned Behavior delivered at each clinic visit if adherence was suboptimal, with EDM feedback for about 3 mo of care visits X 5 mo Yes NA de Bruin et al, 2010 (75) RCT in 133 outpatient clinic treatmentexperienced patients in the Netherlands who started treatment after 1996 3-mo nurse…”
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“This contrasts with studies not employing waiting list designs in which control group participants tend to improve [10-12].”
Identification and Assessment of Adherence-Enhancing Interventions in Studies Assessing Medication Adherence Through Electronically Compiled Drug Dosing Histories: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
for the ABC project team, Demonceau, J., Ruppar, T. M., Kristanto, P., Hughes, D. A., Fargher, E., Kardas, P., Geest, S. D., Dobbels, F., Lewek, P., et al. (2013) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0041-3 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
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Realist complex intervention science: Applying realist principles across all phases of the Medical Research Council framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions
Fletcher, A., Jamal, F., Moore, G., Evans, R. E., Murphy, S., & Bonell, C. (2016) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389016652743 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Even where single studies lack the power for such analyses, reporting their results is useful because it then allows these to be used within systematic reviews and meta-analyses.”
Background
Systematic meta-review of supported self-management for asthma: a healthcare perspective
groups, F. T. P. A. R., Pinnock, H., Parke, H. L., Panagioti, M., Daines, L., Pearce, G., Epiphaniou, E., Bower, P., Sheikh, A., Griffiths, C. J., et al. (2017) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0823-7 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Everything should be as simple as possible, but no simpler: towards a protocol for accumulating evidence regarding the active content of health behaviour change interventions
Peters, G.-J., de Bruin, M., & Crutzen, R. (2013) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.848409 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
HIV Treatment Adherence, Drug Resistance, Virologic Failure: Evolving Concepts
Nachega, J. B., Marconi, V. C., van Zyl, G. U., Gardner, E. M., Preiser, W., Hong, S. Y., Mills, E. J., & Gross, R. (2011) · Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152611795589663 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“These aspects are important not just for delivering cART and providing health care, but in promoting and monitoring treatment adherence [43].”
Background
Identifying Effective Methods for Teaching Sex Education to Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Schaafsma, D., Kok, G., Stoffelen, J. M. T., & Curfs, L. (2014) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.919373 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“…programs have been shown to be more effective when they are based on theory and evidence (Albarracı́n et al., 2005; Bos, Schaalma, & Pryor, 2008; de Bruin et al., 2010; Mullen, Green, & Persinger, 1985; L. Peters, Kok, Ten Dam, Buijs, & Paulussen, 2009; van Achterberg et al., 2010; van Empelen…”
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van Achterberg, T., Waal, G. H., Ketelaar, N. A. B. M., Oostendorp, R. A. B., Jacobs, J., & Wollersheim, H. C. H. (2010) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daq050 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“The taxonomy of behavioural change techniques (Abraham and Michie, 2008; de Bruin et al., 2010) was a valuable tool, as it helped us to relate descriptions of intervention content to definitions of behaviour change techniques.”
Impact of Interventions on Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review by the ISPOR Medication Adherence and Persistence Special Interest Group
Gwadry-Sridhar, F. H., Manias, E., Lal, L., Salas, M., Hughes, D. A., Ratzki-Leewing, A., & Grubisic, M. (2013) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.1631 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“[135] de Bruin M, Viechtbauer W, Schaalma HP, et al.”
Background
Asthma inhaler adherence determinants in adults: systematic review of observational data
Dima, A. L., Hernández, G., Cunillera, O., Ferrer, M., de Bruin, M., & the ASTRO-LAB group (2014) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00172114 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
People with Intellectual Disabilities Talk About Sexuality: Implications for the Development of Sex Education
Schaafsma, D., Kok, G., Stoffelen, J. M. T., & Curfs, L. (2016) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-016-9466-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
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Electronic monitoring-based counseling to enhance adherence among HIV-infected patients: A randomized controlled trial.
de Bruin, M., Hospers, H. J., van Breukelen, G., Kok, G., Koevoets, W. M., & Prins, J. M. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020335 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Context effects and behaviour change techniques in randomised trials: A systematic review using the example of trials to increase adherence to physical activity in musculoskeletal pain
Bishop, F. L., Fenge-Davies, A. L., Kirby, S., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2015) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.953529 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“…were more effective than lower quality usual care controls (de Bruin et al., 2009) and target interventions which were trialled against higher quality usual care controls had smaller effect sizes than those which were trialled against lower quality usual care controls (de Bruin et al., 2010).”
Background
IAPAC Guidelines for Optimizing the HIV Care Continuum for Adults and Adolescents
Optimization, I. A. P. O. H. C. C. (2015) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/2325957415613442 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Evidence from several RCTs found that PLHIV who had received targeted adherence counseling were significantly more likely to have optimal adherence and virologic suppression.(227,244,245) Educating patients on the importance of keeping clinic appointments has demonstrated positive effects on retention in care and ART…”
Background
Enhancing Reporting of Behavior Change Intervention Evaluations
Abraham, C., Johnson, B. T., de Bruin, M., & Łuszczyńska, A. (2014) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000231 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“De Bruin et al10,11 illustrated this issue clearly in a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to promote adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy.”
Background
Environmental interventions for altering eating behaviours of employees in the workplace: a systematic review
Allan, J., Querstret, D., Banas, K., & de Bruin, M. (2016) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12470 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“Ideally, study designs would be simplified in order to properly assess the potential active ingredients; and would also assess and report in detail what the control group participants are exposed to – as variation in the treatment that control groups receive can substantially influence effect sizes of behaviour change…”
Background
Facilitators and barriers to medication adherence in an HIV prevention study among men who have sex with men in the iPrEx study in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Chariyalertsak, S., Amico, K. R., Saokhieo, P., Wannalak, V., Sangangamsakun, T., Goicochea, P., & Grant, R. M. (2012) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.748871 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…HIV treatment explored the efficacy of adherence interventions (Amico, Jennifer, & Blair, 2006), the impacts of standard care on adherence rates (de Bruin et al., 2010) and the implications of self-report measures (Simoni et al., 2006), yet, little is known about ARV adherence for HIV…”
Background
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a nurse-delivered intervention to improve adherence to treatment for HIV: a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, randomised clinical trial
de Bruin, M., Oberjé, E. J. M., Viechtbauer, W., Nobel, H., Hiligsmann, M., van Nieuwkoop, C., Veenstra, J., Pijnappel, F. J. J., Kroon, F. P., van Zonneveld, L., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30534-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Bariatric surgery, lifestyle interventions and orlistat for severe obesity: the REBALANCE mixed-methods systematic review and economic evaluation
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Finding theory‐ and evidence‐based alternatives to fear appeals: Intervention Mapping
Kok, G., Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Gottlieb, N. H., & Fernández, M. E. (2013) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12001 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The program was shown to be effective in improving adherence (De Bruin et al., 2010a).”
Background
Effect of mobile telephone reminders on treatment outcome in HIV: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in India
Shet, A., Costa, A. D. F. A., Kumarasamy, N., Rodrigues, R., Rewari, B. B., Ashorn, P., Eriksson, B., Diwan, V. K., & and the HIVIND Study Team (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g5978 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Promoting physical activity among cancer survivors: Meta-analysis and meta-CART analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Sheeran, P., Abraham, C., Jones, K., Villegas, M. E., Avishai, A., Symes, Y. R., Ellinger, H., Miles, E., Gates, K. M., Wright, C. E., et al. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000712 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Identifying Best Practices for Increasing Linkage to, Retention, and Re-engagement in HIV Medical Care: Findings from a Systematic Review, 1996–2014
Higa, D. H., Crepaz, N., & Mullins, M. M. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1204-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Minimizing the variability in standard care provided to comparison groups may produce more comparable intervention effects across studies [44].”
Background
Are digital interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Griffiths, S. E., Parsons, J., Naughton, F., Fulton, E. A., Tombor, I., & Brown, K. (2018) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1488602 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Forms and Functions of Peer Social Support for People Living With HIV
Peterson, J. L., Rintamaki, L. S., Brashers, D. E., Goldsmith, D. J., & Neidig, J. L. (2011) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2011.08.014 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In a meta-analysis of HIV treatment adherence interventions, the only study that reported negative intervention effects on viral load was a study that used peer educators instead of health professionals (de Bruin et al., 2010).”
Background
The effect of implementation intentions on physical activity among obese older adults: A randomised control study
Bélanger‐Gravel, A., Godin, G., Bilodeau, A., & Poirier, P. (2012) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2012.723711 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Recently, de Bruin et al. (2010) observed that the estimated effects of behavioural interventions were systematically reduced in settings providing higher quality of standard care. Thus, in this study, the quality of the standard care intervention offered in the control condition might have lowered the potential to de…”
BackgroundInfluential
Developing an evidence-based online method of linking behaviour change techniques and theoretical mechanisms of action: a multiple methods study
Michie, S., Johnston, M., Rothman, A. J., de Bruin, M., Kelly, M. P., Carey, R., Bohlen, L. C., Groarke, H., Anderson, N., & Zink, S. (2021) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr09010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Supporting Study Product Use and Accuracy in Self-Report in the iPrEx Study: Next Step Counseling and Neutral Assessment
Amico, K. R., McMahan, V., Goicochea, P., Vargas, L. S., Marcus, J. L., Grant, R. M., & Liu, A. (2012) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0182-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Optimizing ART Adherence: Update for HIV Treatment and Prevention
Robbins, R. N., Spector, A. Y., Mellins, C. A., & Remien, R. H. (2014) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-014-0229-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“A related study design and methodological issue that stems from the reality that study participants assigned to “standard care,” which is often the comparison group to the active intervention being studied in RCTs, typically will show improvements in the targeted outcomes, thereby limiting the effectiveness demonstrat…”
Background
Exploring the Development of Existing Sex Education Programmes for People with Intellectual Disabilities: An Intervention Mapping Approach
Schaafsma, D., Stoffelen, J. M. T., Kok, G., & Curfs, L. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…because research has shown that non-theory- and evidence-based programmes are not as effective as theory- and evidence-based programmes (Mullen et al. 1985; van Empelen et al. 2003; Albarrac ın et al. 2005; Bos et al. 2008; Peters et al. 2009; van Achterberg et al. 2010; de Bruin et al. 2010).”
Background
Self-Directed Interventions to Promote Weight Loss: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Tang, J. C. H., Abraham, C., Greaves, C. J., & Yates, T. E. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2857 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Finally such a review should consider the varying content of comparison conditions (such as usual care or alternative interventions), as such control content has demonstrable effects on the observed efficacy of interventions [83,84].”
Background
Clinical Management of HIV Drug Resistance
Cortez, K. J., & Maldarelli, F. M. (2011) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v3040347 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Direct observed therapy has been useful in investigating the virologic and immunologic effects of rigorously controlled drug delivery, although questions remain regarding the degree of improvement over voluntary therapy [22] and the content of care used to address adherence can predict virologic suppression [23].”
Directly Observed Antidepressant Medication Treatment and HIV Outcomes Among Homeless and Marginally Housed HIV-Positive Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Tsai, A. C., Karasic, D. H., Hammer, G. P., Charlebois, E. D., Ragland, K., Moss, A. R., Sorensen, J. L., Dilley, J., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300422 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Medication adherence perspectives in haemodialysis patients: a qualitative study
Ghimire, S., Castelino, R. L., Jose, M., & Zaidi, S. T. R. (2017) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0583-9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“(P1, male, 53 years, PSR NAD) Abbreviations: AD, Adherent; NAD, nonadherent; BP, blood pressure, HCT, healthcare team; PSR, patient self-reports aPatient-related factors further classified based on adherence support taxonomy by de Bruin et al., 2010 [24]”
BackgroundMethod
Improving Coping Skills for Self-management of Treatment Side Effects Can Reduce Antiretroviral Medication Nonadherence among People Living with HIV
Johnson, M. O., Dilworth, S. E., Taylor, J. M., & Neilands, T. B. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9230-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Underreporting of the active content of behavioural interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions
de Bruin, M., Black, N., Javornik, N., Viechtbauer, W., Eisma, M. C., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Williams, A. J., West, R., Michie, S., & Johnston, M. (2020) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1709098 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Determinants of antiretroviral therapy adherence in northern Tanzania: a comprehensive picture from the patient perspective
Lyimo, R. A., de Bruin, M., van den Boogaard, J., Hospers, H. J., van der Ven, A. J. A. M., & Mushi, D. L. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-716 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A role for depression in sexual risk reduction for women? A meta-analysis of HIV prevention trials with depression outcomes
Lennon, C. A., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Gerwien, D. P., & Johnson, B. T. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript control arm affects comparisons between treatment and control (e.g., de Bruin et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2003).”
Background
Regression to the mean and alcohol consumption: A cohort study exploring implications for the interpretation of change in control groups in brief intervention trials
McCambridge, J., Kypri, K., & McElduff, P. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A randomized controlled multimodal behavioral intervention trial for improving antiepileptic drug adherence
Pakpour, A. H., Gholami, M., Esmaeili, R., Naghibi, S. A., Updegraff, J. A., Molloy, G. J., & Dombrowski, S. U. (2015) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.036 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The intervention, which included motivational interviewing as a core element and included a combination of related and supplementary behavior change techniques [28], was compared with standard care [29] in a randomized controlled trial design.”
How standard is standard care? Exploring control group outcomes in behaviour change interventions for young people with type 1 diabetes
Ayling, K., Brierley, S., Johnson, B., Heller, S. R., & Eiser, C. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.953528 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This, in turn, can distort effect sizes and lead to inaccurate conclusions when synthesising the findings from multiple RCTs (de Bruin et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Reducing the risk of bias in health behaviour change trials: Improving trial design, reporting or bias assessment criteria? A review and case study
de Bruin, M., McCambridge, J., & Prins, J. M. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.953531 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Electronically monitored dosing histories can be used to develop a medication-taking habit and manage patient adherence
Vrijens, B., Urquhart, J., & White, D. (2014) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.940896 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“• There is a large variability in SOC, making it difficult to compare healthcare providers or care sites [52].”
Background
Identifying configurations of behavior change techniques in effective medication adherence interventions: a qualitative comparative analysis
Kahwati, L. C., Viswanathan, M., Golin, C. E., Kane, H., Lewis, M. A., & Jacobs, S. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0255-z · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“If the proportion of studies within a truth table row demonstrating improved adherence is above the specified consistency threshold (80 % in our analysis), the Table 1 Behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in interventions to improve medication adherence [14, 15]”
Method
Feasibility of Real Time Medication Monitoring Among HIV Infected and TB Patients in a Resource-Limited Setting
de Sumari-de Boer, I. M., van den Boogaard, J., Ngowi, K. M., Semvua, H. H., Kiwango, K. W., Aarnoutse, R. E., Nieuwkerk, P. T., & Kibiki, G. S. (2016) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1254-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“As multiple factors may influence adherence such as patient-, treatment-, socioeconomic- and healthcare system- related factors [3, 12, 13, 15, 28, 37, 43, 45, 47, 50, 54], interventions should preferably target multiple factors instead of a single factor.”
Background
Using qualitative comparative analysis in a systematic review of a complex intervention
Kahwati, L. C., Jacobs, S., Kane, H., Lewis, M. A., Viswanathan, M., & Golin, C. E. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0256-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Interventions to improve adherence often involve combinations of behavior change techniques (BCTs), such as interventions to improve self-efficacy or change attitudes.”
MethodInfluential
Risk of bias in trial-based economic evaluations: Identification of sources and bias-reducing strategies
Evers, S., Hiligsmann, M., & Adarkwah, C. C. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.953532 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The problem is that care as usual is often not defined (Ayling, Brierley, Johnson, Heller, & Eiser, 2015; Bishop, Fenge-Davies, Kirby, & Geraghty, 2015; de Bruin, Viechtbauer, Hospers, Schaalma, & Kok, 2009; de Bruin et al., 2010) and this comparator can differ from country to country.”
Background
Variability and effectiveness of comparator group interventions in smoking cessation trials: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Black, N., Eisma, M. C., Viechtbauer, W., Johnston, M., West, R., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Michie, S., & de Bruin, M. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14969 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Efficacy of a lay health worker led group antiretroviral medication adherence training among non-adherent HIV-positive patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Results from a randomized trial
Peltzer, K., Ramlagan, S., Jones, D. L., Weiss, S. M., Fomundam, H., & Chanetsa, L. (2012) · SAHARA-J Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS · doi:10.1080/17290376.2012.745640 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cost Effectiveness of Medication Adherence-Enhancing Interventions: A Systematic Review of Trial-Based Economic Evaluations
Oberjé, E. J. M., de Kinderen, R. J. A., Evers, S., van Woerkum, C. M. J., & de Bruin, M. (2013) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-013-0108-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Intervention components were usually described in some detail (although usually insufficient to allow replication), but details on the usual care provided to control groups were missing from all papers, in spite of evidence suggesting that the quality of usual care may vary considerably between study sites and have an…”
Supporting adherence to oral anticancer agents: clinical practice and clues to improve care provided by physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses and pharmacists
Timmers, L., Boons, C. C. L. M., Verbrugghe, M., van den Bemt, B. J. F., Hecke, A. V., & Hugtenburg, J. G. (2017) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3110-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Behavioural interventions promoting condom use among female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Okafor, U., Crutzen, R., Aduak, Y., Adebajo, S. B., & van den Borne, H. W. (2017) · African Journal of AIDS Research · doi:10.2989/16085906.2017.1358753 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Consistent with the three RCT studies and supported by existing literature, effects can only be seen if the intervention uses activities that are not yet part of the standard intervention in the control group (de Bruin et al., 2010).”
Result
Adherence to imatinib therapy in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Blay, J., & Rutkowski, P. L. (2013) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.07.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“90–95% adherence) [36].”
Intensity of Treatment as Usual and Its Impact on the Effects of Face-to-Face and Internet-Based Psychotherapy for Depression: A Preregistered Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Münder, T., Geisshüsler, A., Krieger, T., Zimmermann, J., Wolf, M., Berger, T., & Watzke, B. (2022) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000521951 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Identifying effective behavioural components of Intervention and Comparison group support provided in SMOKing CEssation (IC-SMOKE) interventions: a systematic review protocol
de Bruin, M., Viechtbauer, W., Eisma, M. C., Hartmann-Boyce, J., West, R., Bull, E., Michie, S., & Johnston, M. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0253-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Understanding usual care in randomised controlled trials of complex interventions: a multi-method approach
Yorganci, E., Evans, C. J., Johnson, H., Barclay, S., Murtagh, F. E., Yi, D., Gao, W., Pickles, A., & Koffman, J. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320905064 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effects of Behavioral Intervention Content on HIV Prevention Outcomes: A Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses
Johnson, B. T., Michie, S., & Snyder, L. B. (2014) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000235 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Overview of systematic reviews on strategies to improve treatment initiation, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for people living with HIV: part 1
Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Hajizadeh, A., Wang, A. R., Mertz, D., Lawson, D. O., Smieja, M., Benoit, A. C., Álvarez, E., Ritchie, L. M. P., Rachlis, B., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034793 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a digital intervention versus alcohol information for online help-seekers in Sweden: a randomised controlled trial
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Risk of bias in randomised controlled trials of health behaviour change interventions: Evidence, practices and challenges
de Bruin, M. (2015) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.960653 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of workplace-based dietary and/or physical activity interventions for weight management targeting healthcare professionals: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
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Virtual Intervention to Support Self-Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Among People Living With HIV
Côté, J., Godin, G., Ramirez-Garcìa, P., Rouleau, G., Bourbonnais, A., Guéhéneuc, Y., Tremblay, C. L., & Otis, J. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3264 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Also, the meta-analysis by de Bruin and colleagues [25] showed that standard adherence care (traditional follow-up) had a large impact on HIV treatment effectiveness and adherence.”
Do interventions containing risk messages increase risk appraisal and the subsequent vaccination intentions and uptake? – A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Weight change in control group participants in behavioural weight loss interventions: a systematic review and meta-regression study
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“Favourable behaviour changes among control group participants have been observed for a diverse range of other health behaviours [7-9].”
BackgroundInfluential
Trends in medication adherence in HIV patients in the US , 2001 to 2012: an observational cohort study
Youn, B., Shireman, T. I., Lee, Y., Galárraga, O., & Wilson, I. B. (2019) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25382 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effectiveness and Content Analysis of Interventions to Enhance Oral Antidiabetic Drug Adherence in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zomahoun, H. T. V., de Bruin, M., Guillaumie, L., Moisan, J., Grégoire, J., Pérez, N., Vézina‐Im, L., & Guénette, L. (2015) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.02.017 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Assessing Usual Care in Clinical Trials
Erlen, J. A., Tamres, L. K., Reynolds, N. R., Golin, C. E., Rosen, M. I., Remien, R. H., Banderas, J., Schneiderman, N., Wagner, G. J., Bangsberg, D. R., et al. (2014) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945914526001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“When usual care is based on the latest evidence, it may include components that are also within the behavioral intervention that is being tested in the trial such as health teaching to promote better medication management (de Bruin et al., 2010).”
Evidence for Technology Interventions to Promote ART Adherence in Adult Populations: a Review of the Literature 2012–2015
Amico, K. R. (2015) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-015-0286-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cost effectiveness of a computer-delivered intervention to improve HIV medication adherence
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“Interventions for adherence are clearly a part of standard care for HIV infection [9] and it is likely that standard interventions may have a positive effect on patients ’ adherence [10].”
Background
Brief interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections suitable for in-service use: A systematic review
Long, L., Abraham, C., Paquette, R., Shahmanesh, M., Llewellyn, C. D., Townsend, A. F., & Gilson, R. J. C. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.038 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“by variations in usual care control conditions and that such variations are rarely described across trials (46).”
Hybrid Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Doyle, F., Freedland, K. E., Carney, R. M., de Jonge, P., Dickens, C. M., Pedersen, S. S., Sørensen, J. R., & Dempster, M. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000944 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Psychological Interventions to Improve Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-Infected Persons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Locher, C., Messerli, M., Gaab, J., & Gerger, H. (2019) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2018.0164 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“63,64 As we used just two characteristics of usual care as potential moderators in our meta-regressions, we cannot rule out that other characteristics of the implementation of usual care may impact outcome.”
HIV-Infected Individuals Who Delay, Decline, or Discontinue Antiretroviral Therapy: Comparing Clinic- and Peer-Recruited Cohorts
Gwadz, M. V., Applegate, E., Cleland, C. M., Leonard, N. R., Wolfe, H. E., Salomon, N., Belkin, M., Riedel, M., Banfield, A., Sanfilippo, L., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00081 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Web-Based Intervention for Health Professionals and Patients to Decrease Cardiovascular Risk Attributable to Physical Inactivity: Development Process
Sassen, B., Kok, G., Mesters, I., Crutzen, R., Cremers, A., & Vanhees, L. (2012) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.1804 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Reactions to threatening health messages
ten Hoor, G. A., Peters, G.-J., Kalagi, J., de Groot, L., Grootjans, K., Huschens, A., Köhninger, C., Kölgen, L., Pelssers, I., Schütt, T., et al. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“They suggest that when communicating with professionals, it seems fruitful to provide them with a toolbox of evidence-based behaviour change methods that promote adaptive, rather than defensive, behaviour [39-42].”
Background
Assessing treatment motivation among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: A multidimensional approach
Houston, E., McKirnan, D. J., Cervone, D., Johnson, M., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.618536 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Estimates indicate that approximately 50% of patients fail to consistently meet these high standards (de Bruin et al, 2010 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Reducing Alcohol Consumption Among Risky Drinkers in the General Population of Sweden Using an Interactive Mobile Health Intervention: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Bendtsen, M., & McCambridge, J. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/13119 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Planning for influenza vaccination in health care workers: An Intervention Mapping approach
Kok, G., van Essen, G. A., Wicker, S., Llupià, A., Mena, G., Correia, R., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Doing patient-centredness versus achieving public health targets: A critical review of interactional dilemmas in ART adherence support
de Kok, B. C., Widdicombe, S., Pilnick, A., & Laurier, É. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.030 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Determinants of Engagement in HIV Treatment and Care Among Zambians New to Antiretroviral Therapy
Jones, D. L., Zulu, I., Vamos, S., Cook, R., Chitalu, N. W., & Weiss, S. M. (2012) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2012.06.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“However, failure to maintain gains in adherence may be associated with study design, such as variability in standard of care (de Bruin et al., 2010); poor outcomes have been obtained in numerous ARV adherence studies (Simoni, Amico, Pearson, & Malow, 2008).”
Result
A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions incorporating behaviour change techniques to promote breastfeeding among postpartum women
Kassianos, A. P., Ward, E., Rojas‐García, A., Kurti, A. N., Mitchell, F., Nostikasari, D., Payton, J., Pascal-Saadi, J., Spears, C. A., & Notley, C. J. (2019) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2019.1618724 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…application (absence, partial application, consistent application), acknowledging contextual and co-occurrence factors and coding whether BCTs occurred uniquely in the control group (de Bruin et al., 2010; de Bruin, Viechtbauer, Hospers, Schaalma, & Kok, 2009; Peters, De Bruin, & Crutzen, 2015).”
Background
Using the behaviour change technique taxonomy v1 (BCTTv1) to identify the active ingredients of pharmacist interventions to improve non-hospitalised patient health outcomes
Scott, C., de Barra, M., Johnston, M., de Bruin, M., SCOTT, N. W., Matheson, C., Bond, C. M., & Watson, M. C. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036500 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Exploring Perceived Social Support from Peer Facilitators in an HIV Treatment Adherence Intervention for African American Patients: A Content Analysis of Participant Perspectives
Houston, E., Osborn, A., Lyons, T. P., Masvawure, T. B., & Raja, S. (2015) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2228 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Importance of the nature of comparison conditions for testing theory-based interventions: Reply.
Michie, S., Prestwich, A., & de Bruin, M. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020844 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Non-Adherence to cART in Immigrants with HIV Living in the Netherlands: Results from the ROtterdam ADherence (ROAD) Project
Been, S. K., van de Vijver, D. A. M. C., Nieuwkerk, P. T., Brito, I., Stutterheim, S. E., Bos, A. E. R., Wolfers, M. E. G., Pogány, K., & Verbon, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162800 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Interventions seeking to improve adherence should subsequently be evaluated for effect, while controlling for variability in the standard of care provided to control groups as this can influence the effect sizes of behavior change interventions [33, 34].”
Background
The Role of Emotional Avoidance, the Patient–Provider Relationship, and Other Social Support in ART Adherence for HIV+ Individuals
Berghoff, C. R., Gratz, K. L., Portz, K. J., Pinkston, M. M., Naifeh, J. A., Evans, S. D., Konkle‐Parker, D. J., & Tull, M. T. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1745-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
STUDY PROTOCOL: EXPOSURE IN VIRTUAL REALITY FOR SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER - a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposure to cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure
Clemmensen, L., Bouchard, S., Rasmussen, J., Holmberg, T. T., Nielsen, J. H., Jepsen, J. R. M., & Lichtenstein, M. B. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2453-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Triggered Escalating Real-Time Adherence Intervention to Promote Rapid HIV Viral Suppression Among Youth Living With HIV Failing Antiretroviral Therapy: Protocol for a Triggered Escalating Real-Time Adherence Intervention
Amico, K. R., Dunlap, A., Dallas, R., Lindsey, J. C., Heckman, B., Flynn, P., Lee, S., Horvath, K. J., Goolsby, R. W., Hudgens, M. G., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11416 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of integrated interventions on transmission risk and care continuum outcomes in persons living with HIV
Crepaz, N., Baack, B. N., Higa, D. H., & Mullins, M. M. (2015) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000879 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Standard care impact on effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
de Bruin, M., Viechtbauer, W., (15832478), H. S., (13398228), G. K., (13056234), C. A., & (15832577), H. H. (2010) · Figshare
Standard care quality determines treatment outcomes in control groups of HAART-adherence intervention studies: Implications for the interpretation and comparison of intervention effects.
de Bruin, M., Viechtbauer, W., Hospers, H. J., Schaalma, H. P., & Kok, G. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015989 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Efficacy of Interventions in Improving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and HIV-1 RNA Viral Load
Simoni, J. M., Pearson, C. R., Pantalone, D. W., Marks, G. N., & Crepaz, N. (2006) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/01.qai.0000248342.05438.52 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Adherence‐enhancing interventions for highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV ‐infected patients – a systematic review
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Prospective Randomized Two-Arm Controlled Study To Determine the Efficacy of a Specific Intervention To Improve Long-Term Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
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Authors: de Bruin, M.
Venue: Archives of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2010-02-08
Volume: 170
Issue: 3
Pages: 240
ISSN: 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.536
OpenAlex: W2167947569
Cited by: 181
References: 84
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 2.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
Lirias (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Keywords: HIV, antiretroviral therapy, medication adherence, adherence interventions, standard of care, viral load, randomized controlled trials
MeSH terms: HIV, Humans, Patient Compliance, HIV Infections, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

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Standard Care Impact on Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Interventions: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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