Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions
Abstract
Although there is a large and growing literature on tailored print health behavior change interventions, it is currently not known if or to what extent tailoring works. The current study provides a meta-analytic review of this literature, with a primary focus on the effects of tailoring. A comprehensive search strategy yielded 57 studies that met inclusion criteria. Those studies-which contained a cumulative N = 58,454-were subsequently meta-analyzed. The sample size-weighted mean effect size of the effects of tailoring on health behavior change was found to be r = .074. Variables that were found to significantly moderate the effect included (a) type of comparison condition, (b) health behavior, (c) type of participant population (both type of recruitment and country of sample), (d) type of print material, (e) number of intervention contacts, (f) length of follow-up, (g) number and type of theoretical concepts tailored on, and (h) whether demographics and/or behavior were tailored on. Implications of these results are discussed and future directions for research on tailored health messages and interventions are offered.
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Studies of personalization in health care and medicine have been increasing in number since the early 2000s, with growing evidence showing their effectiveness.
“Studies of personalization in health care and medicine have been increasing in number since the early 2000s [22], with growing evidence showing their effectiveness [23-26].”
From The Personalization of Conversational Agents in Health Care: Systematic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
A recent meta-analysis of 57 studies of message- and material-focused behavior change interventions found that program tailoring, number of intervention contacts, and length of follow-up, among other factors, all significantly moderated intervention effects.
“A recent meta-analysis of 57 studies of message- and material-focused behavior change interventions found that program tailoring (e.g., to the target population and context), number of intervention contacts, and length of follow-up, among other factors, all significantly moderated intervention effects (22).”
From An Ecological Study of a Universal Employee Depression Awareness and Stigma Reduction Intervention: “Right Direction” (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
Meta-analytic findings show that tailoring can increase the effects of printed health behavior change interventions, although the effects of tailoring are moderated by type of health behavior.
“This is supported by metaanalytic findings showing that tailoring can increase the effects of printed health behavior change interventions, although the effects of tailoring are moderated by type of health behavior (Noar, Benac, & Harris, 2007).”
From Increasing intentions to use mental health services among university students. Results of a pilot randomized controlled trial within the World Health Organization's World Mental Health International College Student Initiative (2019) · cites this paper as Noar, Benac, & Harris, 2007
The result of the current study lends some support to the notion that interventions may be more effective if targeted at an individual's current situation.
“The result of the current study leads some support to the notion that interventions may be more effective if targeted at an individual's current situation (Noar et al., 2007).”
From Translating the Intention to Seek Treatment into Action: Does Symptom Monitoring Make a Difference? Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Noar et al., 2007
In computer-tailored interventions, tailoring showed the strongest effects when based on both theoretical concepts and user characteristics and performed via dynamic tailoring.
“Similarly, in computer-tailored interventions, tailoring showed the strongest effects when based on both theoretical concepts (e.g. stages of change, decisional balance, attitudes) and user characteristics (Noar et al. 2007) and performed via dynamic tailoring, in which tailoring is continuously adjusted during the intervention (Krebs, Prochaska, & Rossi 2010).”
From A meta-analysis of serious digital games for healthy lifestyle promotion (2014) · cites this paper as Noar et al. 2007
Tailored communication is effective in promoting health behavior change and health outcomes.
“given that tailored communication is effective in promoting health behavior change and health outcomes [31]”
From The Comparative Effectiveness of Mobile Phone Interventions in Improving Health Outcomes: Meta-Analytic Review (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Tailoring is widely recognized as an important feature of effective health communication.
“Tailoring, which is widely recognized as an important feature of effective health communication [35, 36]”
From Persuasive System Design Does Matter: a Systematic Review of Adherence to Web-based Interventions (2012) · cites this paper as [36]
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“…the strongest effects when based on both theoretical concepts (e.g. stages of change, decisional balance, attitudes) and user characteristics (Noar et al., 2007) and performed via dynamic tailoring, in which tailoring is continuously adjusted during the intervention n = combinedsamplesize;k…”
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“Studies of personalization in health care and medicine have been increasing in number since the early 2000s [22], with growing evidence showing their effectiveness [23-26].”
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- Authors
- Noar, S. M., Benac, C. N., & Harris, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- ORCID
- Noar, Seth M.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 673-693
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2120742996
- Cited by
- 2,136
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 150 · 2015: 168 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 146 · 2012: 97
- FWCI
- 89.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Kentucky
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- tailoring, tailored health messages, health behavior change, effect size, follow-up duration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Communication, Female, Health Education, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Teaching Materials, United States, Health Behavior
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