Effects of a School-Based, Early Childhood Intervention on Adult Health and Well-being: A 19-Year Follow-up of Low-Income Families
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of an established preventive intervention on the health and well-being of an urban cohort in young adulthood. DESIGN: Follow-up of a nonrandomized alternative-intervention matched-group cohort at age 24 years. SETTING: Chicago, Illinois. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1539 low-income participants who enrolled in the Child-Parent Center program in 20 sites or in an alternative kindergarten intervention. INTERVENTIONS: The Child-Parent Center program provides school-based educational enrichment and comprehensive family services from preschool to third grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Educational attainment, adult arrest and incarceration, health status and behavior, and economic well-being. RESULTS: Relative to the comparison group and adjusted for many covariates, Child-Parent Center preschool participants had higher rates of school completion (63.7% vs 71.4%, respectively; P = .01) and attendance in 4-year colleges as well as more years of education. They were more likely to have health insurance coverage (61.5% vs 70.2%, respectively; P = .005). Preschool graduates relative to the comparison group also had lower rates of felony arrests (16.5% vs 21.1%, respectively; P = .02), convictions, incarceration (20.6% vs 25.6%, respectively; P = .03), depressive symptoms (12.8% vs 17.4%, respectively; P=.06), and out-of-home placement. Participation in both preschool and school-age intervention relative to the comparison group was associated with higher rates of full-time employment (42.7% vs 36.4%, respectively; P = .04), higher levels of educational attainment, lower rates of arrests for violent offenses, and lower rates of disability. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a school-based intervention beginning in preschool was associated with a wide range of positive outcomes. Findings provide evidence that established early education programs can have enduring effects on general well-being into adulthood.
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At age 24 years, Chicago Child-Parent Center participants had lower rates of out-of-home placement, lower rates of arrests and conviction for violent behaviors, and lower rates of disability than control subjects.
“At age 24 years, in comparison with control subjects, participants had lower rates of out-of-home placement (indicating child abuse), lower rates of arrests and conviction for violent behaviors, and lower rates of disability.”
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Branas, C. C., Reeping, P. M., & Rudolph, K. E. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2493 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cohen, M. A., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2010) · Criminal Justice Policy Review · doi:10.1177/0887403409352896 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Childhood predictors of young adult male crime
Ou, S., & Reynolds, A. J. (2010) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationTopitzes, J., Mersky, J. P., Dezen, K. A., & Reynolds, A. J. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.03.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDutch MST Cost-Effectiveness Study Group, Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Manders, W. A., van der Laan, P. H., Prins, P. J. M., & van Arum, S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-013-9198-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kuhlman, K. R., Robles, T. F., Bower, J. E., & Carroll, J. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9921-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bustamante, A. S., Dearing, E., Zachrisson, H. D., & Vandell, D. L. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13696 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Prado, G. J., Lightfoot, M. A., & Brown, C. H. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032917 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences in a low-income black cohort: The importance of context
Giovanelli, A., & Reynolds, A. J. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106557 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationLing, J., Robbins, L. B., & Hines-Martin, V. P. (2015) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0134-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Overcoming Obstacles to Health
Braveman, P., & Egerter, S. A. (2008) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/cgoc-oniq · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Piquero, A., Farrington, D., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2008) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2008.11 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
McCoy, D. C., Gonzalez, K. E., & Jones, S. M. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13289 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Childhood Predictors of Adult Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization
Curtis, A., Harries, T., Pizzirani, B., Hyder, S., Baldwin, R., Mayshak, R., Walker, A., Toumbourou, J. W., & Miller, P. G. (2022) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-022-00451-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Peñalvo, J. L., Santos-Beneit, G., Sotos‐Prieto, M., Martinez, R. L., Rodríguez, C., Franco, M., López‐Romero, P., Pocock, S., Redondo, J., & Fuster, V. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-656 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chinta, S., Walker, K., Halliday, R. J., Loughran‐Fowlds, A., & Badawi, N. A. (2014) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304834 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Maalouf, W. E., & Campello, G. (2014) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.09.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
School performance of international adoptees better than expected from cognitive test results
Lindblad, F., Dalen, M., Rasmussen, F. E., Vinnerljung, B., & Hjern, A. (2009) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0731-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Niles, M. D., Reynolds, A. J., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. E. (2008) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131880801920395 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationCriminal offending and health over the life-course: A dual-trajectory approach
Testa, A. M., & Semenza, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101691 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cory‐Slechta, D. A., Merchant‐Borna, K., Allen, J. L., Liu, S. M., Weston, D., & Conrad, K. (2012) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfs260 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Health Disparities: A Life Course Health Development Perspective and Future Research Directions
Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., Flores, G., Goodman, E., Cheng, T. L., & Halfon, N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_20 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ohmer, M. L., Teixeira, S. N., Booth, J. M., Zuberi, A., & Kolke, D. (2016) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2016.1238804 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
McLuckie, A., Landers, A. L., Curran, J., Cann, R., Carrese, D. H., Nolan, A., Corrigan, K., & CARREY, N. J. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1043-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Ou, S.-R., Robertson, D. L., Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J. W., & Niles, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 730
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2101473826
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 118.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD034294)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- Child-Parent Center, early childhood intervention, preschool education, school-based intervention, low-income children, urban youth, educational attainment, incarceration, arrests, depressive symptoms, health insurance coverage, employment, economic well-being, family support, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Chicago, Child, Crime, Educational Status, Employment, Family Health, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Holistic Health, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Parents, Poverty, Poverty Areas, Prospective Studies, Schools, Social Behavior, Socioeconomic Factors, Universities, Urban Population, Program Evaluation, Early Intervention, Educational
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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