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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)
Abstract
We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales.
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“The CGAS has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of overall functioning, with an inter-rater reliability estimate of 0.84 and a test-retest reliability over 6-months of 0.85 (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
From The efficacy of a group-based, disorder-specific treatment program for childhood GAD - A randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as Shaffer et al., 1983
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Cites
The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
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“Significant B Wald Odds Ratio (95% Independent Predictors Significance Confidence Intervals) Age -0.24 0.001 .79 (.69–.89) Gender -0.96 0.007 .38 (.19–.77) Speech and Language 1.03 0.005 2.80 (1.36–5.75) Learning Assistance 0.41 0.195 1.51 (.81–2.81) CGAS -0.06 0.001 .94 (.92–.97) Note: CGAS = Children’s Global Assess…”
MethodInfluentialThabrew, H., Stasiak, K., Hetrick, S. E., Wong, S., Huss, J. H., & Merry, S. N. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012489.pub2 · Cited by 141
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Mental Health Disorders from Age 15 to Age 18 Years
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialCo-existing psychiatric problems in ADHD in the ADORE cohort
Steinhausen, H., Nøvik, T., Baldursson, G., Curatolo, P., Lorenzo, M., Pereira, R., Ralston, S. J., & Rothenberger, A. (2006) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-1004-y · Cited by 142
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“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale is a global measurement of children’s level of functioning.(28) Scores range from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating the worst functioning and 100 indicating superior functioning.”
BackgroundLithium Treatment of Acute Mania in Adolescents: A Placebo-Controlled Discontinuation Study
Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D. J., Dicker, R., PADULA, G., Pleak, R. R., & Alvir, J. M. J. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000129223.89433.74 · Cited by 135
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“This conclusion is at odds with the results of Tang and DeRubeis (1999) in which the efficacy of CBT was markedly reduced in the absence of a sudden gain.”
MethodResultInfluentialPredictors of family functioning one year following traumatic brain injury in children.
Rivara, J. B., Fay, G. C., Jaffe, K. M., Polissar, N. L., Shurtleff, H. A., & Martin, K. M. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 135
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Practice Parameters for the Psychiatric Assessment of Children and Adolescents
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“The goals and techniques of the child interview have been reviewed by Goodman and Sours (1967), Simmons (1987), Greenspan and Greenspan (1991), Hill (1985), Bird and Kestenbaum (1988), Lewis (l991b), King and Noshpitz (1991), and Kestenbaum (1991).”
MethodChildhood‐Onset Schizophrenia: An Open‐Label Study of Olanzapine in Adolescents
Kumra, S., Jacobsen, L. K., Lenane, M., Karp, B. I., Frazier, J. A., Smith, A. K., Bedwell, J. S., Lee, P. C., Malanga, C. J., HAMBURGER, S., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199804000-00015 · Cited by 134
An Open Trial of Clozapine in 11 Adolescents with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
Frazier, J. A., Gordon, C. T., McKenna, K., Lenane, M., JIH, D., & RAPOPORT, J. L. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199406000-00006 · Cited by 134
Preventing depression: a randomized trial of interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training
Young, J. F., Mufson, L. H., & Gallop, R. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20664 · Cited by 134
“However, there were significant differences in rates of change on the CES-D (t(102) 5 2.51, P 5 0.01) and the CGAS (t(76) 5 2.31, P 5 0.02).”
MethodInfluentialRoman, T., Szobot, C. M., Martins, S., Biederman, J., Rohde, L. A., & Hutz, M. H. (2002) · Pharmacogenetics · doi:10.1097/00008571-200208000-00011 · Cited by 133
The epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder in Spanish school children
Canals, J., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Cosí, S., & Voltas, N. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.06.003 · Cited by 132
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
MethodDisagreement between parent and adolescent reports of functional impairment
Kramer, T. L., Phillips, S. D., Hargis, M. B., Miller, T. L., Burns, B. J., & Robbins, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00217.x · Cited by 132
Multifamily psychoeducation groups (MFPG) for families of children with bipolar disorder
Fristad, M. A., Goldberg‐Arnold, J. S., & Gavazzi, S. M. (2002) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.09073.x · Cited by 132
Psychotic experiences in the population: Association with functioning and mental distress
Kelleher, I., Wigman, J. T. W., Harley, M., O'Hanlon, E., Coughlan, H., Rawdon, C., Murphy, J., Power, E., Higgins, N. M., & Cannon, M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.020 · Cited by 132
“In addition to a relatively increased risk for psychosis (Poulton et al., 2000; Welham et al., 2009; Kaymaz et al., 2012; Fisher et al., 2013), young people with psychotic experiences are at high risk for a range of psychopathological diagnoses (Scott et al., 2009; Yung et al., 2009; Barragan et…”
Internet-Delivered, Family-Based Treatment for Early-Onset OCD: A Preliminary Case Series
Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Kerns, C. E., Chan, P. T., Edson, A. L., Khanna, M., Franklin, M., Garcia, A., & Freeman, J. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.855127 · Cited by 129
“The mean Posttreatment CGAS score was 58.6, which falls just below the category ‘‘Some difficulty in a single area but generally functioning well . . .’’ (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBirmaher, B. B., Gill, M. K., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B. I., Goldstein, T. R., Yu, H., Liao, F., Iyengar, S., Diler, R. S., Strober, M. A., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121577 · Cited by 132
“A Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).”
MethodPsychopathology in Non—Clinically Referred Sexually Abused Children
McLeer, S. V., Dixon, J. F., Henry, D., Ruggiero, K. J., Escovitz, K., NIEDDA, T., & Scholle, R. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00017 · Cited by 132
Asarnow, J. R., & Ben‐Meir, S. (1988) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00738.x · Cited by 130
The Ohio Scales: Practical Outcome Assessment
Ogles, B. M., Melendez, G., Davis, D. C., & Lunnen, K. M. (2001) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1016651508801 · Cited by 129
“In clinical sample 2, case managers completed the Ohio Scales, the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scales (Hodges & Wong, 1996), Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983), and Restrictiveness of Living Environments Scale (Hawkins et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPham, S., Porta, G., Biernesser, C. L., Payne, M. W., Iyengar, S., Melhem, N., & Brent, D. A. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070792 · Cited by 129
Comorbidity of Physical and Mental Disorders in the Neurodevelopmental Genomics Cohort Study
Merikangas, K. R., Calkins, M. E., Burstein, M., He, J., Chiavacci, R. M., Lateef, T. M., Ruparel, K., Gur, R. C., Lehner, T., Hakonarson, H. H., et al. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1444 · Cited by 136
Castellanos, F. X., Elia, J., Kruesi, M. J. P., Marsh, W., Gulotta, C. S., Potter, W. Z., Ritchie, G. F., Hamburger, S. D., & Rapoport, J. L. (1996) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(95)00077-q · Cited by 129
Pharmacogenetics of Methylphenidate Response in Preschoolers With ADHD
McGOUGH, J., McCRACKEN, J., SWANSON, J., RIDDLE, M., KOLLINS, S., GREENHILL, L., ABIKOFF, H., DAVIES, M., CHUANG, S., WIGAL, T., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000235083.40285.08 · Cited by 126
“, 1996); a semistructured clinical interview; an impairment scale score G55 on the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983); hyperactive-impulsive subscale T scores Q65 (1.”
BackgroundSack, W. H., Angell, R. H., Kinzie, J. D., & Ben, R. (1986) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60260-0 · Cited by 129
Vitiello, B., Emslie, G. J., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Keller, M. B., Birmaher, B. B., Ryan, N. D., Kennard, B. D., Mayes, T. L., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05885blu · Cited by 128
Meditation therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Krisanaprakornkit, T., Ngamjarus, C., Witoonchart, C., & Piyavhatkul, N. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006507.pub2 · Cited by 132
Pagsberg, A. K., Tarp, S., Glintborg, D., Stenstrøm, A. D., Fink‐Jensen, A., Correll, C. U., & Christensen, R. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.013 · Cited by 130
The Course of Major Depression in the Offspring of Depressed Parents
Warner, V. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100039008 · Cited by 128
Inter‐Rater Reliability of Global Assessment of Functioning in a Clinical Setting
Rey, J. M., Starling, J., Wever, C., Dossetor, D. R., & Plapp, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01329.x · Cited by 127
Brent, D. A., BAUGHER, M., Birmaher, B. B., Kolko, D. J., & Bridge, J. A. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200010000-00007 · Cited by 126
Adolescents in Residential and Inpatient Treatment: A Review of the Outcome Literature
Bettmann, J. E., & Jasperson, R. A. (2009) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9073-y · Cited by 126
Yordanova, J., Banaschewski, T., Kolev, V., Woerner, W., & Rothenberger, A. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00524-7 · Cited by 126
IRRITABILITY IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT ANXIETY DISORDERS
Stoddard, J., Stringaris, A. K., Brotman, M. A., Montville, D., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22151 · Cited by 136
“Other inclusion criteria for patients were clinically important anxiety on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (score≥10),[22] impairment on the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (score<60),[23] and desire for weekly treatment.”
MethodCarpenter, A. L., Puliafico, A. C., Kurtz, S. M., Pincus, D. B., & Comer, J. S. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0172-4 · Cited by 134
“Moreover, among treatment completers, the mean posttreatment score on the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al. 1983) improved from 61.”
InfluentialPsychiatric Symptom Impairment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kaat, A. J., Gadow, K. D., & Lecavalier, L. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9739-7 · Cited by 139
McCauley, E., Gudmundsen, G. R., Schloredt, K. A., Martell, C. R., Rhew, I. C., Hubley, S. H., & Dimidjian, S. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.979933 · Cited by 140
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) was administered by ICEs to assess adolescent global functioning and general symptom severity.”
MethodCanals, J., Voltas, N., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Cosí, S., & Arija, V. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1207-z · Cited by 127
High Presynaptic Dopaminergic Activity in Children With Tourette's Disorder
Monique Ernst, D., Zametkin, A. J., Jons, P. H., Matochik, J. A., Pascualvaca, D. M., & Cohen, R. M. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00024 · Cited by 125
Gould, M. S., Bird, H., & Jaramillo, B. S. (1993) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917536 · Cited by 125
“After interviewing both the child and a parent and reviewing a teacher narrative report, the child psychiatrist aggregated the information to arrive at an evaluation of current level of impairment using the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
MethodSocial competence in childhood brain tumor survivors: a comprehensive review
Schulte, F., & Barrera, M. E. (2010) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-010-0963-1 · Cited by 131
Craney, J. L., & Geller, B. (2003) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00044.x · Cited by 124
Amatachaya, A., Auvichayapat, N., Patjanasoontorn, N., Suphakunpinyo, C., Ngernyam, N., Aree-uea, B., Keeratitanont, K., & Auvichayapat, P. (2014) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2014/173073 · Cited by 122
“Just before the first treatment phase, participants were randomized to receive either active tDCS stimulation followed by sham stimulation or sham stimulation followed by active tDCS stimulation in a 1 : 1 ratio using a computer generated list of random numbers in blocks of four randomizations.”
MethodHlastala, S. A., Kotler, J. S., McClellan, J., & McCauley, E. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20668 · Cited by 124
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS([53])) was a measure utilized to assess change in overall functioning.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialImproving Recognition of Adolescent Depression in Primary Care
Zuckerbrot, R. A., & Jensen, P. S. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.7.694 · Cited by 123
Chawner, S. J. R. A., Owen, M. J., Holmans, P., Raymond, F. L., Skuse, D., Hall, J., & van den Bree, M. B. M. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30123-3 · Cited by 129
Findling, R. L., Correll, C. U., Nyilas, M., Forbes, R. A., McQuade, R. D., Jin, N., Ivanova, S., Mankoski, R., Carson, W. H., & Carlson, G. A. (2013) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12042 · Cited by 121
“Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J et al. A children s global assessment scale (CGAS).”
MethodInfluentialValderhaug, R., Larsson, B. S., Götestam, K. G., & Piacentini, J. C. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.011 · Cited by 122
Ranta, K., Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Rantanen, P., & MARTTUNEN, M. J. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20422 · Cited by 142
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder – bipolar comorbidity in children and adolescents
Masi, G., Perugi, G., Toni, C., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., & Pfanner, C. (2006) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00342.x · Cited by 122
Usala, T., Clavenna, A., Zuddas, A., & Bonati, M. R. (2007) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.06.001 · Cited by 119
“One study used the CGI-S (score ≥4) in association with CDRS-R and two studies used the Children's Global Assessment Score (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) as the second severity-”
MethodParent–youth informant disagreement: Implications for youth anxiety treatment
Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Jensen‐Doss, A., Birmaher, B. B., Kendall, P. C., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2017) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104516689586 · Cited by 122
“The Clinical Global Impressions Scale–Improvement (CGI-I; Guy, 1976), Clinical Global Impressions Scale–Severity (CGI-S; Guy, 1976), Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983), and diagnostic remission indexed outcomes for the current study.”
BackgroundPerepletchikova, F., NATHANSON, D. L., Axelrod, S. R., Merrill, C. R. S., Walker, A., Grossman, M., Rebeta, J. L., Scahill, L. D., Kaufman, J., Flye, B. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.789 · Cited by 120
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R., Prosser, S., Kercher, A., & Kenardy, J. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s135246580800444x · Cited by 120
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Schaffer et al., 1983) was used to assess global level of functioning. Based on information provided in the ADIS-C/P interviews, the interviewer gave a rating of 0–100 on the CGAS scale. According to Schaffer et al. (1983), scores of 81–100 on the CGAS indicate a normal le…”
MethodSchmitz, M. D., Denardin, D., da Silva, T. L., Pianca, T. G., Hutz, M. H., Faraone, S. V., & Rohde, L. A. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/s0890-8567(09)61916-x · Cited by 121
Döpfner, M., Steinhausen, H., Coghill, D., Dalsgaard, S., Poole, L., Ralston, S. J., Rothenberger, A., & ADORE Study Group* (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-1007-8 · Cited by 118
“J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:1337–1345 17. Görtz-Dorten A, Döpfner M (2007) Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Elternurteil – eine Analyse an einer Feldstichprobe mit dem Diagnostiksystem DISYPS-KJ 2.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBurns, B. J., & Hoagwood, K. (2002) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.001.0001 · Cited by 282
Effectiveness of intensive short-term residential treatment with severely disturbed adolescents.
Leichtman, M., Leichtman, M. L., Barber, C. C., & Neese, D. T. (2001) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.2.227 · Cited by 119
Burchard, J. D., Bruns, E. J., & Burchard, S. N. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0004 · Cited by 117
Abikoff, H. B., Vitiello, B., Riddle, M. A., Cunningham, C., Greenhill, L. L., Swanson, J. M., Chuang, S. Z., Davies, M., Kastelic, E., Wigal, S. B., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0068 · Cited by 118
“The resulting study sample had a mean C-GAS score of 47, which is considerably lower than the typical C-GAS score of 65 for children with ADHD seen in clinic settings.”
InfluentialVilgis, V., Silk, T. J., & Vance, A. L. A. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0675-7 · Cited by 129
Juvenile‐onset OCD: clinical features in children, adolescents and adults
Mancebo, M. C., Garcia, A. M., Pinto, A., Freeman, J. B., Przeworski, A., Stout, R. L., Kane, J. S., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01224.x · Cited by 126
“The CGAS and GAF yield global ratings of 0–100 with similar anchor points.”
MethodInfluentialA meta-analysis of the influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome in the anxiety disorders
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.008 · Cited by 113
Annual Research Review: Conceptualising functional impairment in children and adolescents
Rapee, R. M., Bőgels, S. M., van der Sluis, C. M., Craske, M. G., & Ollendick, T. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02479.x · Cited by 117
Brent, D. A., Brunwasser, S. M., Hollon, S. D., Weersing, V. R., Clarke, G. N., Dickerson, J. F., Beardslee, W. R., Gladstone, T. R. G., Porta, G., Lynch, F. L., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1559 · Cited by 128
GHUMAN, J. K., Riddle, M. A., Vitiello, B., Greenhill, L. L., Chuang, S. Z., Wigal, S. B., Kollins, S. H., Abikoff, H., McCracken, J. T., Kastelic, E. A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0071 · Cited by 118
“Dose– response slope estimates were compared for children with low, average, and high C-GAS scores.”
InfluentialTseng, W., Deveney, C. M., Stoddard, J., Kircanski, K., Frackman, A., Yi, J. Y., Hsu, D., Moroney, E., Machlin, L., Donahue, L. M., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18040491 · Cited by 116
“On the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (27), 58% of the sample had a score #60, indicating at least “some noticeable problems” in several areas.”
BackgroundMental Disorders and Service Utilization Among Youths From Homeless and Low-Income Housed Families
Buckner, J. C., & Bassuk, E. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00010 · Cited by 117
Decision-making impairments in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia
Kester, H. M., Sevy, S. M., Yechiam, E., Burdick, K. E., Cervellione, K. L., & Kumra, S. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.02.028 · Cited by 114
Functioning and Quality of Life in the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)
Vitiello, B., Rohde, P., Silva, S. G., Wells, K., Casat, C. D., WASLICK, B. D., Simons, A. D., Reinecke, M. A., Weller, E. B., Kratochvil, C. J., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242229.52646.6e · Cited by 114
Findling, R. L., Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., McNamara, N., Stansbrey, R. J., Gracious, B., Reed, M. D., Demeter, C., & Calabrese, J. R. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n0519 · Cited by 115
Carlson, C. L., & Tamm, L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.73 · Cited by 117
The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features
Gabbay, V., KLEIN, R. G., Katz, Y., Mendoza, S., Guttman, L. E., Alonso, C. M., Babb, J. S., Hirsch, G. S., & Liebes, L. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02245.x · Cited by 115
“Based on the clinical evaluation, the psychiatrist rated severity of depression on the CDRS-R and overall adjustment on the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
MethodAdjunctive Antipsychotic Treatment of Adolescents With Bipolar Psychosis
Kafantaris, V., Coletti, D. J., Dicker, R., PADULA, G., & Kane, J. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200112000-00016 · Cited by 115
Characteristics of Children With Elevated Symptoms of Mania
Findling, R. L., Youngstrom, E. A., Fristad, M. A., Birmaher, B. B., Kowatch, R. A., Arnold, L. E., Frazier, T. W., Axelson, D., Ryan, N. D., Demeter, C., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.09m05859yel · Cited by 117
ADHD and comorbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity
Hurtig, T. M., Ebeling, H. E., Taanila, A. M., Miettunen, J., Smalley, S. L., McGough, J. J., Loo, S. K., Järvelin, M., & Moilanen, I. K. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0607-2 · Cited by 115
“*CGAS = Children’s Global Assessment Scale [26], assessment of the adolescent’s present overall functioning T.”
MethodInfluentialA Naturalistic Study of Referred Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Milantoni, L., & Arcangeli, F. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000161648.82775.ee · Cited by 115
Green, J., Kroll, L., Imrie, D. W., FRANCES, F. M., BEGUM, K., harrison, L., & ANSON, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200103000-00012 · Cited by 115
The Autism Impact Measure (AIM): Initial development of a new tool for treatment outcome measurement
Kanne, S. M., Mazurek, M. O., Sikora, D., Bellando, J., Branum-Martin, L., Handen, B., Katz, T., Freedman, B., Powell, M. P., & Warren, Z. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1862-3 · Cited by 114
Somatic function, mental health, and psychosocial adjustment of adolescents with anorectal anomalies
Diseth, T. H., & Emblem, R. (1996) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90664-8 · Cited by 114
Asbahr, F. R., Castillo, A. R. G. L., Ito, L. M., Latorre, M. R. D. D. O., Moreira, M. N., & Neto, F. L. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000177324.40005.6f · Cited by 114
“In addition, adaptive functioning of subjects was assessed through the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), which is rated on a 100-point scale, with 1 being most impaired and 100 being least impaired (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
MethodXie, Y., Dixon, J. F., Ong, M. Y., Zhang, J., Chen, Y. A., DeAngelo, S., Yellowlees, P., Hendren, R. L., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2013) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2012.0108 · Cited by 114
“The CGAS for each child was rated at the beginning and the end of study by a child psychiatry fellow based on the initial description of Shaffer et al. 20 We designed the Likert scale to measure the degree of acceptance of the training program and communication modality by parents.”
Birmaher, B. B., Waterman, G. S., Ryan, N. D., Perel, J. M., McNabb, J., BALACH, L., Beaudry, M. B., NASR, F. N., KARAMBELKAR, J., ELTERICH, G., et al. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199805000-00015 · Cited by 114
Contextual risk and resiliency during late adolescence
Baldwin, A. L., Baldwin, C. P., Kasser, T., Zax, M., Sameroff, A. J., & Seifer, R. (1993) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940000626x · Cited by 116
Impaired probabilistic reversal learning in youths with mood and anxiety disorders
Dickstein, D. P., Finger, E. C., Brotman, M. A., Rich, B. A., Pine, D. S., Blair, J. R., & Leibenluft, E. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991462 · Cited by 105
“…2002) and/or a Children’s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) score >39 (Poznanski et al. 1985) ; (2) a Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score<60 (Shaffer et al. 1983) ; and (3) persistent anxiety and/ or depression (consistently elevated PARS and/or CDRS) during 3 weeks of supportive…”
BackgroundMethodKendall, T., Taylor, E., Perez, A., & Taylor, C. (2008) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1239 · Cited by 102
Puberty suppression in transgender children and adolescents
Mahfouda, S., Moore, J. K., Siafarikas, A., Zepf, F. D., & Lin, A. P. (2017) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30099-2 · Cited by 113
Specialized Assessments for Children in Foster Care
Horwitz, S. M., Owens, P. L., & Simms, M. D. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.106.1.59 · Cited by 113
Mental Health Service Use Among Young Children Receiving Pediatric Primary Care
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., BURNS, A., & Smith, A. P. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199811000-00017 · Cited by 113
Metadata
- Authors
- Shaffer, D.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shaffer, David
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1983-11-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1228
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114776324
- Cited by
- 3,716
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 142
- FWCI
- 11.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Children's Global Assessment Scale, Global Assessment Scale, child psychiatry, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics
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