The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)
Abstract
We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales.
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“The CGAS has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of overall functioning, with an inter-rater reliability estimate of 0.84 and a test-retest reliability over 6-months of 0.85 (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
From The efficacy of a group-based, disorder-specific treatment program for childhood GAD - A randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as Shaffer et al., 1983
Citations
Cites
The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
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“Child Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) The C-GAS a clinician-rated measure of global functioning, provides an estimate of overall severity of disturbance (range, 0–100), with scores above 90 indicating superior functioning, and scores below 70 indicating impaired global functioning (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
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“The SEM used was from Shaffer et al. (1983).”
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“The CGAS has been shown to be reliable between raters and across time and has demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity (Dyrborg et al., 2000; Rey, Starling, Wever, Dossetor, & Plapp, 1995; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
BackgroundMethodHearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., March, S., & Holmes, M. C. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0703-y · Cited by 42
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“95) and to discriminate youth in inpatient versus outpatient settings (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
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da Costa, C. Z. G., de Morais, R. M. C. B., Zanetta, D. M. T., Turkiewicz, G., Neto, F. L., Morikawa, M., Rodrigues, C. L., Labbadia, E. M., & Asbahr, F. R. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2012.0110 · Cited by 31
“…2000), Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) (March et al. 1997), Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) (Kovacs 1983), the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) (Guy 1976), and Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Shaffer et al. 1983).”
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“AVH: auditory verbal hallucinations BAVQ-R: Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire-revised version CGAS: Children’s Global Assessment Scale EOP: early-onset psychosis ESM: experience sampling method IQ: intelligence quotient PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale VAS: visual analog scale Edited by G Strudwick; submit…”
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“Of these, four used the clinician-rated CGAS (Shaffer et al., 1983), one used the self-reported ALIS (Schniering, Rapee, Forbes, Wuthrich, & Ehrenreich, 2011) and one used the self-reported AWS (Birleson, 1981).”
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“The clinician-rated Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983) assessed the worst psychosocial Table 2.”
BackgroundCannon, M., Pelham, W. H., Sallee, F. R., Palumbo, D. R., Bukstein, O., & Daviss, W. B. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2009.0008 · Cited by 29
“Finally, the investigator had to rate global functioning less than or equal to 70 on the Child Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) (Shaffer et al. 1983), with difficulty evident in at least two areas, such as school and home.”
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Perrin, S., Bevan, D., Payne, S., & Bolton, D. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10020-3 · Cited by 26
“1995); (4) Conduct Problems, Peer Difficulties, Overall Impairment (parent-report): Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Parent Version (SDQ-P; Goodman 1997); (5) Global Functioning (clinician-report): Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al.”
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“The Children ’ s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), 33 a standardized clinician-rated measure scored from 0 to 100, was used to assess children ’ s global functioning based on the parent assessment.”
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“Measures of global functioning were clinicianrated using the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
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“Figure 2 shows the change over time for participants in the R-ICBT, NR-CBT and NR-Decline groups on clinician severity rating (CSR) of the principal anxiety disorder as well as clinician-assessed functional impairment (CGAS).”
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“The CGAS gauges children and adolescents’ level of general functioning in the last 3 months on a hypothetical continuum of health (100) to illness (0).(18) The SDQ and SDQP are behavioural screening questionnaires designed to identify the presence of clinically significant issues.”
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“In addition, youth currently prescribed an antipsychotic received significantly lower CGAS scores (M = 52.4; SD = 9.9) compared to children receiving other medications (M = 55.1; SD = 10.1: t = 2.682, df = 438, p = 0.008), indicative of lower overall psychosocial functioning.”
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“The interviewer performs an assessment of the adolescent’s level of functioning on a scale from 1 to 100, of which a higher score indicates a higher level of functioning [33].”
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“ing over the current period, most severe past, and highest level in the past year (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
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“…et al., 1998; Hill & Hughes, 2007; Van Roy et al., 2008), (ii) SDQ-Parent/Carer (Goodman et al., 1998), (iii) Health of the Nations Outcome Scale-Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) (Gowers et al., 1999) and (iv) Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Green et al., 1994; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
Saxena, O., Kishore, M. T., Kumar, A., Sagar, K. J. V., & Binukumar, B. (2023) · Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1177/09731342231196370 · Cited by 3
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“To determine the global level of functioning in our clinical sample, we decided to use the Children ’ s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
InfluentialLazzaro, G., Didino, D., Fucà, E., Sperandini, V., Falvo, S., Passarini, S., Bergonzini, P., D'Aiello, B., De Rossi, P., De Rose, P., et al. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107561 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shaffer, D.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shaffer, David
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1983-11-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1228
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114776324
- Cited by
- 3,716
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 142
- FWCI
- 11.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Children's Global Assessment Scale, Global Assessment Scale, child psychiatry, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics
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