Online CBT in the treatment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders: issues in the development of brave-online and two case illustrations
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Abstract This paper describes the rationale for and development of an online cognitive-behavioural treatment for child and adolescent anxiety (BRAVE–ONLINE). It highlights the challenges involved in adapting a clinic-based intervention for delivery using the internet, with separate sessions for parents and their children (or adolescents). We outline strategies to ensure that young people remain engaged in online therapy, and describe techniques designed to optimize the alliance between clients and the online therapist. Two case studies are presented that illustrate the practical and technical aspects of implementing the intervention, and demonstrate the feasibility of achieving successful outcomes using online delivery of CBT for child and adolescent anxiety. However, firm conclusions regarding the efficacy of this approach cannot be drawn until the results of randomized controlled trials are available. The paper identifies directions for future research.
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When looking specifically at ICBT with adolescents, studies are sparse.
“When looking specifically at ICBT with adolescents, studies are sparse (Tillfors et al., 2011; Spence et al., 2008; Spence et al., 2011; Lenhard et al., 2014; Lenhard et al., 2017).”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2008
Challenges related to exposure tasks in ICBT appear to be a general issue in the literature rather than a barrier reserved for the present study.
“Challenges related to exposure tasks in ICBT seems though to be a general issue in the literature (see for example Spence et al., 2008) more so than a barrier reserved for the present study.”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: A feasibility study (2018) · cites this paper as Spence et al., 2008
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“For a more detailed description of the development of the program, see Spence et al. (2008).”
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“Abeles et al. (2009) recruited children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of depression, whilst participants in the studies by Cunningham et al. (2009), March et al. (2009) and Spence et al. (2006, 2008) had a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder.”
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Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., Cunningham, M. J., Lyneham, H. J., Hudson, J. L., & Schniering, C. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.12.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
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ResultCBT for adolescents with anxiety: mature yet still developing
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“Thus far, much research has focused on the delivery of CBT in this form (e.g., Abeles et al., 2009; Spence, Holmes, March, & Lipp, 2006; Spence et al., 2008; Wright et al., 2014), with computerized CBT (CCBT) representing an alternative form of therapy delivery that can be administered at a lower cost than traditional…”
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“Significant resources are allocated each year to develop educational material, including online material, designed to combat mental ill health [24,25].”
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“Technology-based interventions BrAVE-oNLINE (Spence et al., 2008) Weekly separate parent and child sessions over 10 weeks; 1- and 3-month follow-up sessions Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders reduction in anxiety symptoms, parent and child both reported new skills to manage anxiety”
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“Some initial support and feasibility has been demonstrated for the BRAVE for Children program (March, Spence, & Donovan, 2009 ; Spence et al, 2008 ), the Cool Teens program (Cunningham et al, 2007 ; Cunningham et al, 2009 ), and Camp-Cope-A-Lot (CCAL; Kendall & Khanna, 2008a ; Khanna & Kendall, 2010 ).”
BackgroundUtilizing technological innovations to enhance psychotherapy supervision, training, and outcomes.
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“:3) have also found promising results (Cunningham et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2008), as has a case series of a cCBT programme called (cid:2) Stressbusters (cid”
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“Psychotherapies, particularly cognitive-behavioral treatments, are available online, either as “ iCBT ” [70], or as “ Virtual environments, ” avatar-Curr based interactive treatments in which therapist and patient can act out anxiety-ridden scenarios and interventions in the displaced setting of…”
BackgroundSpence, S. H., March, S., & Donovan, C. L. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100268 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, 2018), as has the therapist-assisted version (March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2008).”
BackgroundHill, C., Creswell, C., Vigerland, S., Nauta, M. H., March, S., Donovan, C., Wolters, L., Spence, S. H., Martin, J. L., Wozney, L., et al. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“To date, iCBT programs for CYP anxiety disorders have been evaluated in a variety of ways including case reports (e.g., Spence et al., 2008), uncontrolled trials (Nordh et al., 2017; Silfvernagel et al., 2015; Vigerland et al., 2013) and randomized controlled trials (e.g., Donovan and March, 2014;…”
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“For example, intervention formats range from traditional approaches that translate face-to-face CBT into a web-based format [26] to innovative computer game-like solutions [27].”
Stasiak, K., Merry, S., Frampton, C. M., & Moor, S. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1244617 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“BRAVE-ONLINE, a cCBT program, has been shown to be an effective treatment for child and adolescent anxiety by the program developers (March, Spence, & Donovan, 2009; Spence et al., 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodStjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., Nielsen, A. D., Gaardsvig, M. M., & Thastum, M. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.01.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
What steps to take? How to approach concerning anxiety in youth.
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“BRAVE-ONLINE is a clinician supported anxiety program in which young people receive weekly emails from a clinician designed to give them feedback and encourage their program progression [20].”
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“Previous iCBT studies have used clinical severity ratings (ratings have ranged from 0=none to 8=extremely severe) as a proximal indicator of treatment response [27,29,79,81].”
InfluentialThe Emerging Role of Technology in Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Youth: A Review
Berry, R. R., & Lai, B. S. (2014) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-014-0184-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Each session takes approximately 60 min to complete (Spence et al. 2008).”
BackgroundComputer-based Treatment Programs for Youth Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2014) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.033613 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…Hoek et al., 2012; Khanna & Kendall, 2010; March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2011; Spence et al., 2006; Sportel et al., 2013; Stallard et al., 2011; Wuthrich et al., 2012), one (Blocher et al., 2013) was an uncontrolled trial and two (Cunningham et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2008) were case series.”
Self-citationMoor, S., Williman, J., Drummond, S., Fulton, C., Mayes, W., Ward, N., Dovenberg, E., Whitaker, C., & Stasiak, K. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100249 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Esbjørn, B. H., Normann, N., & Reinholdt‐Dunne, M. L. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-015-9294-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“However, downward extensions of adult treatment programs must be adjusted to the specific needs of children (Spence et al. 2008), as they lack the social, linguistic and cognitive sophistication that unmodified treatment techniques require (Reinecke et al. 2002).”
BackgroundOn the Value of Nonremovable Reminders for Behavior Modification
Koritzky, G., & Yechiam, E. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445511414869 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Raffagnato, A., Iannattone, S., Tascini, B., Venchiarutti, M., Broggio, A., Zanato, S., Traverso, A., Mascoli, C., Manganiello, A., Miscioscia, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189880 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The closure of schools, the strong limitations of social interactions, and the increasing of time spent together, also due to parents’ remote working, brought the family structure to a greater importance [71] for the mental well-being of children, at a time when the fallout in mental health may also afflict the adult…”
BackgroundTreating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with epilepsy: What do we know?
Jones, J. E. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.06.021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“BRAVE-ONLINE [51–53] is designed for children experiencing separation anxiety, social phobia, specific phobia, and generalized anxiety disorders.”
BackgroundHearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
March, S., Donovan, C. L., Baldwin, S., Ford, M., & Spence, S. H. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100281 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In this study, using a methodology previously utilised by the authors (Spence et al., 2008; Cobham et al., 2012), we present three case studies of young people participating in BRAVE Stepped-Care (see Section 2.”
MethodNewton, A. S., March, S., Gehring, N. D., Rowe, A., & Radomski, A. D. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25012 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“For practical and feasibility reasons, we recruited adolescent participants among current users of an evidence-based eHealth intervention, the web-based BRAVE Self-Help program [12,29], who had previously consented to be contacted for future research studies.”
March, S., Batterham, P. J., Rowe, A., Donovan, C. L., Calear, A. L., & Spence, S. H. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/27981 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The program, described extensively elsewhere [9,24], is offered as an open-access web-based program targeting young Australians aged 7 to 17 years.”
BackgroundWe’ve Come a Long Way, Baby!: Evolution and Revolution in CBT with Youth
Friedberg, R. D., Hoyman, L. C., Behar, S., Tabbarah, S., Pacholec, N. M., Keller, M., & Thordarson, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-014-0178-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Use of Telepsychology in Clinical Practice: Benefits, Effectiveness, and Issues to Consider
Godine, N., & Barnett, J. E. (2013) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2013100105 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Does an Online CBT Program for Anxiety Impact Upon Sleep Problems in Anxious Youth?
Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1188700 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Similarly, the BRAVE-ONLINE programs have been described in detail elsewhere (see March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2008; Spence et al., 2011; Spence et al., 2006) and therefore only a short description will be provided below.”
MethodDawes, K., Carlino, A., van den Berg, M., & Killington, M. (2020) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1766582 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ooi, Y. P., Raja, M., Sung, S. C., Fung, D. S. S., & Koh, J. B. K. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wright, K. D., Raazi, M., & Walker, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2017.03.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders
Rapp, A. M., Dodds, A., Walkup, J. T., & Rynn, M. A. (2013) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12318 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
McLellan, L. F., Andrijic, V., Davies, S. R., Lyneham, H. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2017) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2017.11 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…the skills and successfully pitching therapy concepts at the right developmental level, challenges with designing appropriate exposure hierarchies, time demands, and computer-internet access issues (Rapee, Abbott, & Lyneham, 2006; Richardson, Stallard & Velleman, 2010; Spence et al., 2008).”
BackgroundHill, C., Chessell, C., Percy, R., & Creswell, C. (2022) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000157 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“These are effective compared with waitlist (Khanna et al ., 2017; March et al ., 2008; Vigerland et al ., 2016) and face-to-face treatment (Spence et al ., 2011).”
Salloum, A., Chiappini, E. A., Lewin, A. B., & Storch, E. A. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000647 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In an effort to disseminate evidence-based practices (EBP), such as cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety, computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) programs have recently been developed and have demonstrated promising results (e.g. Khanna, and Kendal, 2010; Spence et al., 2008; Spence, Holmes…”
BackgroundMethodAmer, N. A., Abdelrazek, S., Eladrosy, W., El-bakry, H., & Shohieb, S. M. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00225-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Other studies on mHealth found that the technology was useful, simple, and relevant to CBT practice (Gerrits et al., 2007; Newton et al., 2020; Spence et al., 2008).”
InfluentialUsing new technologies to deliver cognitive behaviour therapy with children and adolescents
Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., & March, S. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139344456.031 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The programme has been described in detail elsewhere (Spence et al ., 2008) and so only a brief overview is given here.”
BackgroundMethodRadomski, A. D., Wozney, L., McGrath, P. J., Huguet, A., Hartling, L., Dyson, M. P., BENNETT, K. J., & Newton, A. S. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/13807 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“For example, in preparation for exposure activities, a supportive telephone call or message from the therapist assisted the user in developing a suitable exposure hierarchy [36,88].”
InfluentialJones, K., & Odell‐Miller, H. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1080/08098131.2022.2028886 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Strengths and Limitations of Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
Woods, A., Stults, C. B., Terry, R. L., & Rego, S. A. (2017) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v13i3.2015 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“These examples illustrate the resistance patients often feel when starting exposure therapy and call attention to the fact that conducting exposure therapy can be even more challenging without face-to-face interaction between the patient and therapist (Spence et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe Interactive Child Distress Screener: Development and Preliminary Feasibility Testing
March, S., Day, J. J., Zieschank, K. L., & Ireland, M. J. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9456 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Such findings are not dissimilar to those in the child eHealth literature, which demonstrate the effectiveness of interventions that utilize eye-catching graphics, colors, stories, animations, and interactive activities [35-37].”
Spence, S. H., Prosser, S. J., March, S., & Donovan, C. L. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13257 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Innovative Play-Based Strategies for Teletherapy
Bolton, C. A., Thompson, H., Spring, J. A., & Frick, M. H. (2021) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2021.2011814 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…such as ADHD (Myers et al., 2015), obsessive– compulsive disorder (Comer et al., 2017), disruptive and oppositional behavior (Comer et al., 2014), depression (Nelson et al., 2017), anxiety (March et al., 2009; Spence et al., 2011, 2008), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Stewart et al., 2017).”
BackgroundReitegger, F., Peras, I., Wright, M., & Gasteiger‐Klicpera, B. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00237-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schulz, A., Vincent, A., & Berger, T. (2017) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v13i3.2012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Digital storymaking: Dramatherapy with young people online
Millbrook, A. (2019) · Dramatherapy · doi:10.1177/0263067218817296 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Korkmaz, B., & Şen, G. (2018) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/kpd2602443829092018m000004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Deady, M., Teesson, M., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., & Mills, K. L. (2014) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.3192 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Dropout rates from alcohol and other substance abuse treatment interventions are often high [79], similarly, Internet-based interventions, especially among young people, are also likely to compound these attrition rates [80].”
BackgroundMyers, K., Cummings, J. R., Zima, B. T., Oberleitner, R., Roth, D. E., Merry, S., Bohr, Y. M., & Stasiak, K. (2018) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-018-0055-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cunningham, M. J., & Wuthrich, V. (2008) · E-Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.7790/ejap.v4i2.115 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
BREATHE-EASE Goals for Reducing Special Education Teacher Burnout
Ruble, L. A., McGrew, J. H., Dueber, D., & Salyers, M. P. (2024) · Teacher Education and Special Education The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/08884064241288262 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The use of goal attainment scaling for our progress-monitoring approach has been applied in at least two other studies of burnout interventions, but for different groups (Orel-lana-Rios et al., 2018; Spence et al., 2008).”
Tutus, D., Plener, P. L., & Niemitz, M. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000640 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hashtag Healthcare: From Tweets to Mental Health Journals Using Deep Transfer LearningPreprint
Shickel, B., Heesacker, M., Benton, S. A., & Rashidi, P. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1708.01372 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Miller, L. D., Silva, C. F., Bouchard, S., Bélanger, C., & Taucer-Samson, T. (2012) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1_12 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Whitaker, E., Chessell, C., Klapow, M. C., & Creswell, C. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00521-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ciuca, A., Berger, T., & Miclea, M. (2017) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v13i3.2011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Another group of researchers (Spence et al., 2008) used two case studies to illustrate the practical and technical aspects of implementing the intervention and demonstrated the feasibility of achieving successful outcomes using IBCT for child and adolescent anxiety.”
BackgroundYulianti, K. Y., Wijayanti, Y., & Ramdhani, N. (2020) · Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) · doi:10.22146/gamajpp.54888 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…et al., 2017) as well as the minimum health services and professionals (Putri et al., 2019), internet-based CBT internet can become an alternative individual-level intervention for social anxiety which has been proven to work in an adolescent sample (Spence et al., 2008; Tillfors et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInternet Supported Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Help Students with Shy-socially Isolated Problems
Ramdhani, N., Widjaja, J. D., & Rahmawati, N. (2015) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.620 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Senyard, E., Rowe, A., Krishnamoorthy, G., & March, S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The program is delivered in ten web ‐ based, interactive weekly sessions of 30 to 60min each, followed by two booster sessions one ‐ and 3 ‐ months post ‐ completion of the 10 ‐ session program (Spence et al. 2008).”
InfluentialInformation Systems and Technology
Bunge, E. L., Jones, M. K., Dickter, B., Perales, R., & Spear, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24693-2_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
MindSpace: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Game for Treating Anxiety Disorders in Children
Göbl, B., Hlavacs, H., Hofer, J., Müller, I., Müllner, H., Schubert, C., Spallek, H. H., Rybka, C., & Sprung, M. S. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24589-8_41 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“BRAVE-ONLINE mimicks sessions as they take place in face-to-face therapy and is accompanied by a therapist who is introduced via telephone and keeps up contact via mail.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-Help Treatment of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
McLellan, L. F., Fitzpatrick, S., Schniering, C. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sannes, A., Rognli, E. W., Hanssen‐Bauer, K., Torp, N. C., Storfossen, S. K., Høstaker, M. N., & Aalberg, M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/83543 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The most repor-ted barrier for implementation in terms of user satisfaction by health care providers and patients was the lack of time and self-management skills among some patients to complete digitally delivered therapy [37-42, 44, 45, 47, 49-51 49-51, 56-58 56-58, 60-67 60-67].”
Wuthrich, V., & McLachlan, N. (2015) · Contemporary Behavioral Health Care · doi:10.15761/cbhc.1000108 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The BRAVE ONLINE program for anxious adolescents has also been shown in case studies [8] and in a randomized controlled trial to be efficacious in reducing adolescent anxiety [9] with 34% diagnosis free at postassessment, and with impressive outcomes at 1 year follow-up with 78% being free from their primary anxiety d…”
Methode-THERAPY USING COMPUTER AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES IN TREATMENT
Stasiak, K., & Merry, S. (2013) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
MindSpace: Treating Anxiety Disorders in Children with a CBT Game
Göbl, B., Hlavacs, H., Hofer, J., Müller, I., Müllner, H., Schubert, C., Spallek, H. H., Rybka, C., & Sprung, M. S. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40216-1_28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Friedberg, R. D. (2021) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000164 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rowe, A. K., Evans, J., Donovan, C., Spence, S., & March, S. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12637 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Duan, G., Wang, Y., Hou, H., & Li, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80066-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evans, I. M., FitzGerald, J., Herbert, A. M. L., & Harvey, S. T. (2010) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.5042/jmhtep.2010.0689 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R., Prosser, S., Kercher, A., & Kenardy, J.
- Affiliations
- Griffith University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Spence, Susan H.
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 411-430
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- OpenAlex
- W2156143452
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, child and adolescent anxiety, online intervention, parent-child therapy, treatment engagement, therapeutic relationship, intervention adaptation, feasibility
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