Cited by 3,716Psychological Testing and AssessmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

Shaffer, David·1983·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010

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Abstract

We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales.

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The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
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Method
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Method
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Background
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MethodInfluential
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SZIGETHY, E., KENNEY, E., CARPENTER, J., HARDY, D. M., FAIRCLOUGH, D., BOUSVAROS, A., KELJO, D., WEISZ, J., BEARDSLEE, W. R., NOLL, R., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180f6341f · Cited by 183
“The Children`s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) is a clinician-rated instrument of general adjustment and current level of impairment that was used as an indicator of global functioning (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
Method
Segmented Hippocampal Volume in Children and Adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Tupler, L. A., & Bellis, M. D. D. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.007 · Cited by 187
Oppositional Defiant Disorder With Onset in Preschool Years: Longitudinal Stability and Pathways to Other Disorders
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Neuropsychological Findings in Pediatric Maltreatment: Relationship of PTSD, Dissociative Symptoms, and Abuse/Neglect Indices to Neurocognitive Outcomes
De Bellis, M. D., Woolley, D. P., & Hooper, S. R. (2013) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559513497420 · Cited by 183
“Children Global Assessment scale score (Shaffer et al., 1983) was provided by the interviewer after assessment of all clinical data collection to provide a continuous variable measure of child global function.”
A Pilot Controlled Trial of Topiramate for Mania in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder
DelBello, M. P., Findling, R. L., Kushner, S. F., Wang, D., Olson, W. H., Capece, J. A., Fazzio, L., & Rosenthal, N. R. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000159151.75345.20 · Cited by 179
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
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“S ¼ Clinical Global Impressions– CGAS ¼ Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983); HDRS ¼ Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Hamilton, 1960); MDD ¼Major (Silverman & Albano, 1996); CDI ¼ Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992); FAS ¼ Family Accommodation Scale (Calvocoressi et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Incidence of Psychiatric Disorder in Offspring at High and Low Risk for Depression
Weissman, M. M., Fendrich, M., Warner, V., & WICKRAMARATNE, P. J. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199207000-00010 · Cited by 178
Comorbidity of substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents: Evidence from an epidemiologic survey
ROBERTS, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Xing, Y. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.010 · Cited by 177
“The CGAS has been shown to have good psychometric properties (Shaffer et al., 1983;Bird et al. 1990;Green et al., 1994).”
Method
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Trowell, J. A., Kolvin, I., Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D., & Leitch, I. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.3.234 · Cited by 178
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“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Ezpeleta et al., 1999; Shaffer et al., 1983) is a global measure of functional impairment filled out by the interviewer after the information has been obtained in a diagnostic TABLE 1”
Method
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“The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Hamilton, 1960), a depression severity measure, and Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al, 1983), a global psychosocial functioning measure, were also completed.”
Method
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Kelleher, I., Devlin, N. M., Wigman, J. T. W., Kehoe, A., Murtagh, A., Fitzpatrick, C., & Cannon, M. D. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002122 · Cited by 180
“Description of the study measures Variable Instrument Description of the measure Psychopathological diagnoses K-SADS-PL (Kaufman et al. 1996) Semi-structured research diagnostic interview for the assessment of DSM Axis I psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents Psychotic experiences K-SADS-PL (psychosis secti…”
MethodInfluential
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Anxiety disorders in a pediatric sample
Benjamin, R., Costello, E. J., & Warren, M. (1990) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/0887-6185(90)90027-7 · Cited by 174
White matter disruptions in adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment and vulnerability to psychopathology
Huang, H., Gundapuneedi, T., & Rao, U. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.133 · Cited by 173
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), a global psychosocial functioning measure, was completed by the clinician (Shaffer et al, 1983).”
Method
Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Eight German Mental Health Clinics
Goldbeck, L., Muche, R., Sachser, C., Tutus, D., & Rosner, R. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000442824 · Cited by 173
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Achenbach, T. M., BIRD, H. R., CANINO, G. J., Phares, V., Gould, M. S., & Rubio‐Stipec, M. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199001000-00014 · Cited by 173
“, 1987) showed that a cutoff of 61 on the 100-point CGAS scale (100 = most favorable score) was more strongly associated with judgments of "caseness" in Puerto Rican children than the cutoff of 70 previously established for mainland children by Shaffer et al. (1983). The high prevalence rates of DSM diagnoses, the low…”
Background
Increased Frequency of Rolandic Spikes in ADHD Children
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“Children scoring ≤60 are usually judged to show significant impairment (17).”
Background
ADHD, Major Depressive Disorder, and Simple Phobias Are Prevalent Psychiatric Conditions in Youth With Velocardiofacial Syndrome
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Schorre, B. E. H., & Vandvik, I. H. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0390-2 · Cited by 172
“Inter-rater reliability was reported in 19 references, but only five of them aim to study the psychometric property of one or more of the scales [26, 45, 84, 96, 107].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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“, 1984) to rate the depressive symptoms and the Children’s Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (C-GAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) to assess overall functioning.”
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Face emotion labeling deficits in children with bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation
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“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) measured general level of function.”
Background
The efficacy of psychoanalysis for children with disruptive disorders.
Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199401000-00007 · Cited by 151

Authors: Shaffer, D.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Shaffer, David
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1983-11-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 11
Pages: 1228
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010
OpenAlex: W2114776324
Cited by: 3,716
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 114 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 142
FWCI: 11.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Children's Global Assessment Scale, Global Assessment Scale, child psychiatry, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics

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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

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