Cited by 3,716Psychological Testing and AssessmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

Shaffer, David·1983·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010

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Abstract

We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales.

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The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
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Method
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McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., Parrish, J. M., Adler, A., Blair, R. J. R., Fromm, S., Charney, D. S., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.97 · Cited by 431
Predictors and Moderators of Acute Outcome in the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)
Curry, J. F., Rohde, P., Simons, A. D., Silva, S. G., Vitiello, B., Kratochvil, C. J., Reinecke, M. A., Feeny, N. C., Wells, K., Pathak, S., et al. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000240838.78984.e2 · Cited by 429
Properties of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatients: A Research Note
Wood, A., Kroll, L., Moore, A., & Harrington, R. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01828.x · Cited by 430
Isle of Wight Revisited: Twenty-five Years of Child Psychiatric Epidemiology
Rutter, M. L. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198909000-00001 · Cited by 427
Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: A Double-blind Clozapine-Haloperidol Comparison
Kumra, S. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120020005 · Cited by 410
Cognitive-Behavioral Family Treatment of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Controlled Trial
Barrett, P. M., Farrell, L. J., & March, J. S. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00014 · Cited by 430
Efficacy of Sertraline in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Wagner, K. D. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.8.1033 · Cited by 413
Uncommon Troubles in Young People:
Whitaker, A. H. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810170087013 · Cited by 403
A 2- to 7-Year Follow-up Study of 54 Obsessive-Compulsive Children and Adolescents
Leonard, H. L. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820180023003 · Cited by 399
Subthreshold depression in adolescence: a systematic review
Bertha, E. A., & Balázs, J. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0411-0 · Cited by 398
A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety.
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R. E., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024512 · Cited by 381
Effect Size of Lithium, Divalproex Sodium, and Carbamazepine in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder
KOWATCH, R. A., SUPPES, T., CARMODY, T. J., BUCCI, J. P., HUME, J. H., KROMELIS, M., EMSLIE, G. J., WEINBERG, W. A., & RUSH, A. J. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200006000-00009 · Cited by 389
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Asperger Syndrome/High-functioning Autism: A Community- and Clinic-based Study
Mattila, M., Hurtig, T. M., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K. K., Kuusikko‐Gauffin, S., Kielinen, M., Linna, S., Ebeling, H. E., Bloigu, R., Joskitt, L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0958-2 · Cited by 427
Hippocampal changes associated with early-life adversity and vulnerability to depression
Rao, U., Chen, L.-A., Bidesi, A. S., Shad, M. U., Thomas, M. A., & Hammen, C. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.017 · Cited by 383
Criterion Validity of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3)
Schwab‐Stone, M., Shaffer, D., Dulcan, M. K., Jensen, P. S., Fisher, P. W., Bird, H., Goodman, S. H., LAHEY, B. B., Lichtman, J. H., CANINO, G. J., et al. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199607000-00013 · Cited by 390
Self-citation
The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death
Brent, D., Melhem, N., Donohoe, M. B., & Walker, M. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08081244 · Cited by 382
Fluoxetine for the Treatment of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Birmaher, B. B., Axelson, D., Monk, K., Kalas, C., Clark, D. B., Ehmann, M., Bridge, J. A., Heo, J., & Brent, D. A. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000037049.04952.9f · Cited by 378
Validity of the Age-of-Onset Criterion for ADHD: A Report From the DSM-IV Field Trials
APPLEGATE, B., LAHEY, B. B., HART, E. L., BIEDERMAN, J., HYND, G. W., BARKLEY, R. A., OLLENDICK, T., FRICK, P. J., GREENHILI, L., MCBURNETT, K., et al. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199709000-00013 · Cited by 380
Self-citation
Clinical Outcome After Short-term Psychotherapy for Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder
Birmaher, B. B., Brent, D. A., Kolko, D. J., BAUGHER, M., Bridge, J. A., Holder, D., Iyengar, S., & Ulloa, R. E. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.29 · Cited by 374
“(%) Dysthymic disorder 6 (16) 9 (26) 9 (26) Anxiety disorder 14 (38) 10 (29) 10 (29) Disruptive disorder 6 (16) 8 (23) 8 (23) Clinical referral, No.”
Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex function during anticipated peer evaluation in pediatric social anxiety
Guyer, A. E., Lau, J. Y. F., McClure-Tone, E. B., Parrish, J., Shiffrin, N. D., Reynolds, R. C., Chen, G., Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., Fox, N. A., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.11.1303 · Cited by 371
Systematic review of tools to measure outcomes for young children with autism spectrum disorder
McConachie, H., Parr, J. R., Glod, M., Hanratty, J., Livingstone, N., Oono, I. P., Robalino, S., Baird, G., Beresford, B., Charman, T., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19410 · Cited by 403
Predictors of Treatment Efficacy in a Clinical Trial of Three Psychosocial Treatments for Adolescent Depression
Brent, D. A., Kolko, D. J., Birmaher, B. B., BAUGHER, M., Bridge, J. A., ROTH, C., & Holder, D. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199809000-00010 · Cited by 372
Clinical characteristics of anxiety disordered youth
Kendall, P. C., Compton, S. N., Walkup, J. T., Birmaher, B., Albano, A. M., Sherrill, J., Ginsburg, G., Rynn, M., McCracken, J., Gosch, E., et al. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.009 · Cited by 369
“Mean scores on the ADIS CSR, CGI-S and CGAS were all indicative of marked illness and functional impairment.”
MethodInfluential
Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the dutch approach
de Vries, A. L. C., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2012) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.653300 · Cited by 451
“Their behavioral and emotional problems and depressive symptoms decreased, while general functioning as measured by the Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983) improved significantly during puberty suppression.”
Method
Toward Guidelines for Evidence-Based Assessment of Depression in Children and Adolescents
Klein, D. N., Dougherty, L. R., & Olino, T. M. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_3 · Cited by 381
“One group of measures consists of global or unidimensional scales, such as the Child Global Assessment Scale (C–GAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) and the Columbia Impairment Scale (Bird et al., 1993).”
Background
DEVELOPMENTS IN CHILD PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Schowalter, J. E., & Costello, E. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198911000-00004 · Cited by 360
The CES-D as a Screen for Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescents
GARRISON, C. Z., ADDY, C. L., JACKSON, K. L., McKEOWN, R. E., & WALLER, J. L. (1991) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199107000-00017 · Cited by 357
Sleep-Related Problems Among Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders
Alfano, C. A., Ginsburg, G. S., & Kingery, J. N. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242233.06011.8e · Cited by 358
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
James, A. C., Reardon, T., Soler, A., James, G., & Creswell, C. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013162.pub2 · Cited by 344

Authors: Shaffer, D.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Shaffer, David
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1983-11-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 11
Pages: 1228
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010
OpenAlex: W2114776324
Cited by: 3,716
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 114 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 142
FWCI: 11.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Children's Global Assessment Scale, Global Assessment Scale, child psychiatry, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics

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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

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