Cited by 3,716Psychological Testing and AssessmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

Shaffer, David·1983·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
Endicott, J. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012 · Cited by 4,982
A Teacher Rating Scale for Use in Drug Studies with Children
Conners, C. K. (1969) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.6.884 · Cited by 1,758
Normative data on Revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales
Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00919127 · Cited by 1,728
Behavioral Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children Aged Four Through Sixteen
Achenbach, T. M., & EDELBROCK, C. S. (1981) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165983 · Cited by 1,690
Measuring dimensions of deviant behavior: The Behavior Problem Checklist
Quay, H. C. (1977) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00913698 · Cited by 194

Show all 5 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,065

Experience by children and adolescents of more than one type of maltreatment: Association of different classes of maltreatment profiles with clinical outcome variables
Witt, A., Münzer, A., Ganser, H. G., Fegert, J. M., Goldbeck, L., & Plener, P. L. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.05.001 · Cited by 126
Neurobehavioral Deficits at Adolescence in Children at Risk for Schizophrenia
Hans, S. L., Marcus, J. H., Nuechterlein, K. H., Asarnow, R. F., Styr, B., & Auerbach, J. G. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.8.741 · Cited by 113
“All available information was used to make best-estimate DSM-III-R diagnoses(57) and Children’s Global Assessment Scale ratings.(86) The interview-”
Method
Telephone Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Non-inferiority Trial
Turner, C. M., Mataix-Cols, D., Lovell, K., Krebs, G., Lang, K., Byford, S., & Heyman, I. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.012 · Cited by 111
The ADOS Calibrated Severity Score: Relationship to Phenotypic Variables and Stability over Time
Shumway, S., Farmer, C., Thurm, A., Joseph, L., Black, D., & Golden, C. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1238 · Cited by 117
Criterios de valoración clínicos y de funcionamiento en un estudio de interacción gen-ambiente en primeros episodios psicóticos (PEPs)
Bernardo, M., Bioque, M., Parellada, M., Ruiz, J. S., Cuesta, M. J., LLerena, A., Sanjuán, J., Castro‐Fornieles, J., Arango, C., & Cabrera, B. (2012) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2012.11.001 · Cited by 113
A Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial of Immersive Virtual Reality Treatment with Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Specific Phobias in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Maskey, M., Rodgers, J., Grahame, V., Glod, M., Honey, E., Kinnear, J., Labus, M., Milne, J., Minos, D., McConachie, H., et al. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3861-x · Cited by 112
“The child’s usual mental health clinician initially discussed the study with the family and then completed an expression of interest form and the Children’s Global Assessment Scale score (CGAS—a brief measure of emotional and behavioural functioning, with range 1–100) (Shaffer et al. 1983).”
Background
Specific depressive symptoms and disorders as associates and predictors of suicidal acts across adolescence
Nrugham, L., Larsson, B. S., & Sund, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.010 · Cited by 111
Further Evidence of the Reliability and Validity of DSM-IV ODD and CD in Preschool Children
Keenan, K. E., Wakschlag, L. S., Danis, B., Hill, C., Humphries, M. L., Duax, J. M., & Donald, R. J. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803062d3 · Cited by 113
The Relationship Between the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) and Indicators of Functioning
Hodges, K. K., Doucette-Gates, A., & Liao, Q. (1999) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1022902812761 · Cited by 112
Working Alliance in Online Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Youth: Comparison With Clinic Delivery and its Role in Predicting Outcome
Anderson, R. E. E., Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1848 · Cited by 102
“90 [32-35].”
Method
Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD
Rubia, K., Criaud, M., Wulff, M., Alegria, A., Brinson, H., Barker, G., Stahl, D., & Giampietro, V. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.11.055 · Cited by 111
ADHD With Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder
Connor, D. F., & Doerfler, L. A. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707308486 · Cited by 111
Childhood Onset Schizophrenia: High Rate of Visual Hallucinations
David, C. N., GREENSTEIN, D. K., CLASEN, L. S., Gochman, P., Miller, R., Tossell, J. W., Mattai, A. A., Gogtay, N., & Rapoport, J. L. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.020 · Cited by 112
Family and Psychosocial Risk Factors in a Longitudinal Epidemiological Study of Adolescents
Cuffe, S. P., McKeown, R. E., Addy, C. L., & Garrison, C. Z. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00004 · Cited by 111
Psychopathology in Offspring of Mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Pilot Study
Weiss, M. D., Zelkowitz, P., Feldman, R. B., Vogel, J., Heyman, M., & Paris, J. (1996) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379604100505 · Cited by 111
“This is a dimensional rating of functioning and overall impairment in children (21).”
Background
A Profitable Conjunction: From Science to Service in Children’s Mental Health
Hoagwood, K., Burns, B. J., & Weisz, J. R. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0014 · Cited by 111
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents With Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Mataix-Cols, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Isomura, K., Anson, M., Turner, C., Monzani, B., Cadman, J., Bowyer, L., Heyman, I., Veale, D., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.08.011 · Cited by 110
Type and duration of subsyndromal symptoms in youth with bipolar I disorder prior to their first manic episode
Correll, C. U., Hauser, M., Penzner, J. B., Auther, A. M., Kafantaris, V., Saito, E., Olvet, D. M., Carrión, R. E., Birmaher, B. B., Chang, K., et al. (2014) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12194 · Cited by 111
“In the 35 youngsters in whom interviews were conducted, the mean CGI-S score was 3.4 ± 1.5, and the mean CGAS score was 56.8 ± 14.0.”
MethodInfluential
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Duloxetine for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Strawn, J. R., Prakash, A., Zhang, Q., Pangallo, B. A., Stroud, C., Cai, N., & Findling, R. L. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.01.008 · Cited by 111
Observed Measures of Negative Parenting Predict Brain Development during Adolescence
Whittle, S., Vijayakumar, N., Dennison, M., Schwartz, O., Simmons, J. G., Sheeber, L., & Allen, N. B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147774 · Cited by 108
Effects of anal invasive treatment and incontinence on mental health and psychosocial functioning of adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease and low anorectal anomalies
Diseth, T. H., Egeland, T., & Emblem, R. (1998) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(98)90090-2 · Cited by 110
Predicting the One-Year Course of Adolescent Major Depression
Sanford, M., Szatmári, P., Spinner, M. R., Munroe-Blum, H., Jamieson, E., Walsh, C. A., & JONES, D. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199512000-00012 · Cited by 110
Prediction of Adolescent Affective Disorder: Effects of Prior Parental Affective Disorders and Child Psychopathology
Beardslee, W. R., Keller, M. B., Seifer, R., Lavori, P. W., Staley, J., Podorefsky, D., & Shera, D. M. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00008 · Cited by 110
Fluvoxamine Open-Label Treatment of Adolescent Inpatients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or Depression
Apter, A., Ratzoni, G., KING, R. A., Weizman, A., Iancu, I., BINDER, M., & Riddle, M. A. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199403000-00007 · Cited by 110
Clozapine in Adolescent Inpatients with Acute Mania
Masi, G., Mucci, M., & Millepiedi, S. (2002) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454602760219135 · Cited by 109
“…hospitalization (every 3 days), and at discharge included the Mania Rating Scale (Fristad et al. 1992), the BPRS (Overall and Gorham 1962), the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al. 1983), and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Severity and Improvement Scales (Guy 1976).”
Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Irritability in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japan: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
Ichikawa, H., Mikami, K., Okada, T., Yamashita, Y., Ishizaki, Y., Tomoda, A., Ono, H., Usuki, C., & Tadori, Y. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0704-x · Cited by 108
“Additional secondary endpoints included the mean changes in the CGI-S score, the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS, compulsion scale only) score [17], and the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score [18] from baseline to week 8.”
Parent versus Teacher Ratings of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in the Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS)
Murray, D. W., Kollins, S. H., Hardy, K. K., Abikoff, H., Swanson, J. M., Cunningham, C. E., Vitiello, B., Riddle, M. A., Davies, M., Greenhill, L. L., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0060 · Cited by 112
“55 on the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS; Shaffer et al. 1983); full-scale IQ of greater than 70 on the Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott 1990); participation in a preschool, day-care group setting or other school program for at least 2 half-days per week with at least 8 same-age…”
Psychopathology in children of bipolar parents
Singh, M. K., DelBello, M. P., Stanford, K. E., Soutullo, C. A., McDonough-Ryan, P., McElroy, S. L., & Strakowski, S. M. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.004 · Cited by 109
“Overall functional status was assessed using the Child Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Shaffer et al., 1983), and was administered by raters with established reliability (kappa=0.”
Method
Preliminary Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics in 8− to 16-Year-Olds with Mania
Botteron, K. N., Vannier, M. W., Geller, B., Todd, R. D., & Lee, B. C. P. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199506000-00014 · Cited by 109
Neural correlates of reversal learning in severe mood dysregulation and pediatric bipolar disorder
Adleman, N. E., Kayser, R., Dickstein, D., Blair, R. J. R., Pine, D., & Leibenluft, E. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.07.011 · Cited by 106
Implementing routine outcome measures in child and adolescent mental health services: from present to future practice
Batty, M. J., Moldavsky, M., Sarrami, P., Pass, S., Marriott, M., Sayal, K. S., & Hollis, C. P. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00658.x · Cited by 110
Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in referred children and adolescents
Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Pfanner, C., & Arcangeli, F. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.04.008 · Cited by 107
Incidence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Community Sample of Young Adolescents
VALLENI-BASILE, L. A., GARRISON, C. Z., WALLER, J. L., ADDY, C. L., McKEOWN, R. E., JACKSON, K. L., & CUFFE, S. P. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199607000-00015 · Cited by 107
Children and adolescents with psychotic disorder not otherwise specified: A 2- to 8-year follow-up study
Nicolson, R., Lenane, M., Brookner, F. B., Gochman, P., Kumra, S., Spechler, L., Giedd, J. N., Thaker, G. K., Wudarsky, M., & Rapoport, J. L. (2001) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2001.24573 · Cited by 107
Reward Processing in Healthy Offspring of Parents With Bipolar Disorder
Singh, M. K., Kelley, R. G., Howe, M. E., Reiss, A. L., Gotlib, I. H., & Chang, K. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1031 · Cited by 109
Divalproex sodium for pediatric mixed mania: a 6‐month prospective trial
Pavuluri, M. N., Henry, D. B., Carbray, J. A., Naylor, M. W., & Janicak, P. G. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00204.x · Cited by 107
Clinical, Neuroimmunologic, and CSF Investigations in First Episode Psychosis
Guasp, M., Giné-Servén, E., Maudes, E., Rosa-Justícia, M., Martínez‐Hernández, E., Boix-Quintana, E., Bioque, M., Casado, V., Módena-Ouarzi, Y., Guanyabens, N., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012191 · Cited by 110
The state of child and adolescent psychiatry in Greece during the international financial crisis: a brief report
Anagnostopoulos, D. C., & Soumaki, E. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0377-y · Cited by 107
“The severity of the impairment was assessed in accordance with the Global Assessment Functioning (GAF), a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 100 that is used by mental health clinicians and physicians to subjectively rate the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of children and adolescents (Shaffer et al…”
Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) in a naturalistic clinical setting: Inter-rater reliability and comparison with expert ratings
Lundh, A., Kowalski, J. H., Sundberg, C. J., Gumpert, C. H., & Landén, M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.02.006 · Cited by 107
“One such unidimensional tool is the CGAS, which is derived from the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) and adapted for use in children and adolescents (Endicott et al., 1976; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Characterizing selective mutism: Is it more than social anxiety?
Manassis, K., Fung, D. S. S., Tannock, R., Sloman, L., Fıksenbaum, L., & McInnes, A. (2003) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.10125 · Cited by 107
“The clinician completed the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) [Shaffer et al., 1983].”
Method
Course of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Prospective Follow-up Study of 23 Danish Cases
Thomsen, P. H., & Mikkelsen, H. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199511000-00009 · Cited by 107
Trial of Therapeutic Assessment in London: randomised controlled trial of Therapeutic Assessment versus standard psychosocial assessment in adolescents presenting with self-harm
Ougrin, D., Zundel, T., Ng, A., Banarsee, R., Bottle, A., & Taylor, E. (2011) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2010.188755 · Cited by 106
Incentive-related modulation of cognitive control in healthy, anxious, and depressed adolescents: Development and psychopathology related differences
Hardin, M. G., Schroth, E., Pine, D. S., & Ernst, M. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01722.x · Cited by 106
“, 1997); 2) Children’s Global Assessment Scale’s score < 60 (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983); 3) age between 9 and 17 years; 4) desire for outpatient treatment.”
Background
Effectiveness of Methylphenidate in the 10-Month Continuation Phase of the Preschoolers with ADHD Treatment Study (PATS)
Vitiello, B., Abikoff, H., Chuang, S. Z., Kollins, S. H., McCracken, J. T., Riddle, M. A., Swanson, J. M., Wigal, T. L., McGough, J. J., GHUMAN, J. K., et al. (2007) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2007.0058 · Cited by 105
“End-of-maintenance C-GAS was 65.76 (cid:5) 12.82.”
Influential
Childhood depression: a place for psychotherapy
Trowell, J. A., & Joffe, I. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429472848-14 · Cited by 106
Behavioral Therapy for Treatment of Stereotypic Movements in Nonautistic Children
Miller, J. M., Singer, H. S., Bridges, D. D., & Waranch, H. R. (2006) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738060210020701 · Cited by 106
The Prevalence of Serious Emotional Disturbance: A Re-Analysis of Community Studies
Costello, E. J., Messer, S. C., Bird, H., Cohen, P. R., & Reinherz, H. Z. (1998) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1022901909205 · Cited by 106
Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Long-Term Maintenance Study of Aripiprazole in Children With Bipolar Disorder
Findling, R. L., Youngstrom, E. A., McNamara, N., Stansbrey, R. J., Wynbrandt, J. L., Adegbite, C., Rowles, B. M., Demeter, C., Frazier, T. W., & Calabrese, J. R. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07104 · Cited by 104
Improving the K6 short scale to predict serious emotional disturbance in adolescents in the USA
Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.314 · Cited by 105
“At the end of the K-SADS interviews, clinicians completed the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) a 0–100 rating of disorder-related impairment.”
Method
Patient-reported outcomes in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS): Use of idiographic and standardized measures
Wolpert, M., Ford, T. J., Trustam, E., Law, D., Deighton, J., Flannery, H., & Fugard, A. J. B. (2012) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.664304 · Cited by 105
“TheCGASprovides an estimate of the global level of emotional and behavioural function forchildren aged4–16, on a scale of 1 (poor functioning) to 100 (high functioning) (Shaffer et al., 1983; Sourander et al., 1996).”
Background
Treating Anxiety Disorders in Inner City Schools: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing CBT and Usual Care
Ginsburg, G. S., Becker, K. D., Drazdowski, T. K., & Tein, J. (2011) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-011-9156-4 · Cited by 107
“Children indicated the frequency with which they had each thought during the previous week using a five-point Likert-type scale (0 = not at all to 4 = all the time).”
Influential
Mental Health of ‘Looked after’ Children: A Needs Assessment
Blower, A., Addo, A., Hodgson, J., Lamington, L., & Towlson, K. (2004) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104504039176 · Cited by 105
“A score corresponding to psychosocial functioning from the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) was also assigned to each participant.”
Method
Bowel function, mental health, and psychosocial function in adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease
Diseth, T. H., Bjørnland, K., Nøvik, T. S., & Emblem, R. (1997) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.76.2.100 · Cited by 105
Are Children with Anxiety Disorders Privately Referred to a University Clinic Like Those Referred from the Public Mental Health System?
Southam‐Gerow, M. A., Chorpita, B. F., Miller, L. M., & Gleacher, A. A. (2007) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-007-0154-7 · Cited by 105
“As an example, the GAF as a measure of functioning, though common in clinical settings, may not be ideal, as other measures have been developed (e.g., Bird et al. 1993, 2005; Shaffer et al. 1983).”
The Impact of Medications on Quality of Life in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Coghill, D. (2010) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11537450-000000000-00000 · Cited by 103
Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial
Lenhard, F., Vigerland, S., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Mataix-Cols, D., Thulin, U., Ljótsson, B., & Serlachius, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100773 · Cited by 104
“Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS [36]) is an instrument to quantify the overall level of functioning in children and adolescents.”
Background
Asenapine for the Acute Treatment of Pediatric Manic or Mixed Episode of Bipolar I Disorder
Findling, R. L., Landbloom, R. P., Szegedi, A., Koppenhaver, J. M., Braat, S., Zhu, Q., Mackle, M., Chang, K., & Mathews, M. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.09.007 · Cited by 104
A pilot feasibility evaluation of the CALM Program for anxiety disorders in early childhood
Comer, J. S., Puliafico, A. C., Aschenbrand, S. G., McKnight, K., Robin, J. A., Goldfine, M. E., & Albano, A. M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.011 · Cited by 104
“Global Functioning, Impairment, and Severity—The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) is a widely used measure of overall severity of child disturbance, providing a clinician-rated index of functioning.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Online CBT for preschool anxiety disorders: A randomised control trial
Donovan, C. L., & March, S. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.001 · Cited by 105
Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS): Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
Frazier, J. A., McClellan, J., Findling, R. L., Vitiello, B., ANDERSON, R., Zablotsky, B., WILLIAMS, E., McNamara, N., Jackson, J. A., Ritz, L., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31807083fd · Cited by 102
“General adaptive functioning was assessed by the Children`s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Shaffer et al., 1983) and the Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) (Hodges, 1999).”
Method
A Pilot Study of Adjunctive Family Psychoeducation in Adolescent Major Depression: Feasibility and Treatment Effect
Sanford, M., Boyle, M., McCleary, L., Miller, J. L., Steele, M. M., Duku, E., & Offord, D. R. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000198595.68820.10 · Cited by 103
“Secondary outcomes also included adolescent global functioning using the Children`s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983), rated by the primary clinician, and adolescent and parent satisfaction with services using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ; Larsen et al.”
MethodInfluential
Axis I and II Comorbidity and Psychosocial Functioning in Female Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder
Kaess, M., von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna, I.-A., Parzer, P., Chanen, A. M., Mundt, C., Resch, F., & Brunner, R. M. (2012) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000338715 · Cited by 116
Quantifying Dimensions in Autism: A Factor-Analytic Study
Szatmári, P., Mérette, C., Bryson, S. E., Thivierge, J., Roy, M., Cayer, M., & Maziade, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200204000-00020 · Cited by 110
“More extensive use of axis V to quantify level of functioning should be encouraged, as that, too, is an important dimension that is currently not captured by simply identifying the presence of mental retardation or by using the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
Method
Open Trial of Risperidone in 24 Young Children With Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Masi, G., Cosenza, A., Mucci, M., & Brovedani, P. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200110000-00015 · Cited by 104
Circumstances Surrounding the Deaths of Children due to Asthma
Miller, B. D. (1989) · American journal of diseases of children · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150230052022 · Cited by 104
Conceptual review of measuring functional impairment: findings from the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale
Weiss, M. D., McBride, N. M., Craig, S. G., & Jensen, P. S. (2018) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2018-300025 · Cited by 103
Effects of Non-invasive Neurostimulation on Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Khaleghi, A., Zarafshan, H., Vand, S. R., & Mohammadi, M. R. (2020) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2020.18.4.527 · Cited by 103
“In these studies, different questionnaires were administered to measure stimulation effects on several dimensions of behavioral symptoms in ASD including Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC; a behavior rating scale for the evaluation of treatment effects on mentally retarded subjects) [65], Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revi…”
Psychiatric Disorders With Onset in the Preschool Years: II. Correlates and Predictors of Stable Case Status
Lavigne, J. V., Arend, R. A., Rosenbaum, D. L., Binns, H. J., Christoffel, K. K., & Gibbons, R. D. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199812000-00008 · Cited by 103
Low birth weight and risk of affective disorders and selected medical illness in offspring at high and low risk for depression
Nomura, Y., WICKRAMARATNE, P. J., Pilowsky, D. J., Newcorn, J. H., Bruder-Costello, B., Davey, C., Fifer, W. P., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., & Weissman, M. M. (2007) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.04.005 · Cited by 103
Fronto-Temporal Spontaneous Resting State Functional Connectivity in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Dickstein, D. P., Gorrostieta, C., Ombao, H., Goldberg, L. D., Brazel, A. C., Gable, C. J., Kelly, C. A. M., Gee, D. G., Zuo, X., Castellanos, F. X., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.029 · Cited by 103
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript Within the BD group, there were no significant correlations between RSFC in the right STG or the four regions identified by our iterative analysis and mood (YMRS, CDRS) or overall functioning (CGAS).”
MethodInfluential
Longitudinal Trajectories of Depression Symptoms in Adolescence: Psychosocial Risk Factors and Outcomes
Ellis, R., Seal, M. L., Simmons, J. G., Whittle, S., Schwartz, O., Byrne, M. L., & Allen, N. B. (2016) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-016-0682-z · Cited by 103
Therapist-guided and parent-guided internet-delivered behaviour therapy for paediatric Tourette’s disorder: a pilot randomised controlled trial with long-term follow-up
Andrén, P., Aspvall, K., de la Cruz, L. F., Wiktor, P., Romano, S., Andersson, E., Murphy, T. L., Isomura, K., Serlachius, E., & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024685 · Cited by 102
An International, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Paroxetine in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Berard, R. M. F., Fong, R., Carpenter, D. J., Thomason, C., & Wilkinson, C. (2006) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.59 · Cited by 102
“…to have a symptom se-60 verity rating of at least 16 on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery and Åsberg 1979) at screening and baseline and a PAROXETINE IN ADOLESCENTS WITH MDD Children’s Global Assessment Score (C-GAS) of less than 69 (Shaffer et al. 1983) at screening.”
The impact of perceived interpersonal functioning on treatment for adolescent depression: IPT-A versus treatment as usual in school-based health clinics.
Gunlicks‐Stoessel, M., Mufson, L. H., Jekal, A., & Turner, J. B. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018935 · Cited by 100
“To be eligible, adolescents were required to have the following: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1967) 10; Children’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983) 65; and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.”
The Cost of Antisocial Behaviour in Younger Children
Knapp, M. R. J., Scott, S., & Davies, J. (1999) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104599004004003 · Cited by 102
“The criterion for a score in the range 41–50, into which most of the children fell, is described as ‘moderate degree of interference of functioning in most social areas or severe impairment of functioning in one area’ (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Serotonin transporter genotype, morning cortisol and subsequent depression in adolescents
Goodyer, I. M., Bacon, A., Ban, M., Croudace, T. J., & Herbert, J. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054775 · Cited by 105
Screening for Psychosocial Disorders in Pediatric Practice
JELLINEK, M. S. (1988) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150110031013 · Cited by 100
ADHD in Girls: Clinical Comparability of a Research Sample
Sharp, W. S., WALTER, J. M., Marsh, W., Ritchie, G. F., HAMBURGER, S. D., & Castellanos, F. X. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00018 · Cited by 102
The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the CBCL-Bipolar Phenotype Are Not Useful in Diagnosing Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Diler, R. S., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Gill, M., Strober, M., Kolko, D. J., Goldstein, T. R., Hunt, J., Yang, M., et al. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2008.067 · Cited by 99
“After controlling for between-group differences in demographic variables and C-GAS, only Ag-gressive Behaviors (OR ¼ 1.04, 95% conﬁdence interval [CI] ¼ 1.00–1.08, p ¼ 0.03) and Thought Problems (OR ¼ 1.12, 95% CI ¼ 1.08–1.17, p 0.001) were statistically signiﬁcant in our study groups when the eight CBCL subscales wer…”
Influential
Pre-school children with suspected autism spectrum disorders: do girls and boys have the same profiles?
Andersson, G. W., Gillberg, C., & Miniscalco, C. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.08.025 · Cited by 102
Comparison of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an intensive community supported discharge service versus treatment as usual for adolescents with psychiatric emergencies: a randomised controlled trial
Ougrin, D., Corrigall, R., Poole, J., Zundel, T., Sarhane, M., Slater, V., Stahl, D., Reavey, P., Byford, S., Heslin, M., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30129-9 · Cited by 101
Clinical Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with a Primary Tic Disorder
Specht, M. W., Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J. C., Scahill, L. D., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Chang, S. W., Kepley, H. O., Deckersbach, T., Flessner, C. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9223-z · Cited by 102
“Global functioning over the past month was assessed by the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al. 1983).”
Method
Efficacy, Long-Term Safety, and Tolerability of Ziprasidone in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder
Findling, R. L., Çavuş, I., Pappadopulos, E. A., Vanderburg, D. G., Schwartz, J. H., Gundapaneni, B. K., & DelBello, M. P. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2012.0029 · Cited by 101
“The Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), a global assessment of overall functioning based on symptoms and social functioning at home, school, and community settings (Shaffer et al. 1983) was administered at screening, baseline, and weeks 2 and 4 or early termination visit.”
Influential
Optimizing Treatment for Complex Cases of Childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Preliminary Trial
Peris, T. S., & Piacentini, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.673162 · Cited by 101
“, 1997); CGI-S1⁄4Clinician’s Global Impressions-Severity Scale (Guy, 1976); CGAS1⁄4Clinician’s Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983); FES1⁄4Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos, 1994); PABS1⁄4Parental Attitudes and Behaviors Scale (Peris, Roblek, et al.”
Method
Formation of delusional ideation in adolescents hearing voices: A prospective study
Escher, S., Romme, M., Buiks, A., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.10203 · Cited by 99
Psychiatric Disorders and Function in Adolescents with d-Transposition of the Great Arteries
DeMaso, D. R., Labella, M. H., Taylor, G. A., Forbes, P. W., Stopp, C. D., Bellinger, D. C., Rivkin, M. J., Wypij, D., & Newburger, J. W. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.029 · Cited by 101
Generic versus disorder specific cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in youth: A randomized controlled trial using internet delivery
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. L., March, S., Kenardy, J. A., & Hearn, C. S. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.003 · Cited by 101
A Two-Year Follow-up of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Internalizing Disorders in Children
Muratori, F., Picchi, L., Bruni, G., Patarnello, M. G., & ROMAGNOLI, G. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00014 · Cited by 100
“The C-GAS (Shaffer et al., 1983) is a single-point rating scale based on a continuum of 1 to 100, in which higher scores suggest better levels of functioning.”
Background
Cost-effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and routine specialist care with and without cognitive–behavioural therapy in adolescents with major depression
Byford, S., Barrett, B. M., Roberts, C., Wilkinson, P. O., Dubicka, B., Kelvin, R. G., White, L., Ford, C., Breen, S., & Goodyer, I. M. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038984 · Cited by 100
“Multiple regression was used to adjust for the following pre-specified baseline characteristics: gender, age, centre, HoNOSCA score, severity of illness (Children’s Global Assessment Scale; Shaffer et al, 1983), comorbid behavioural disorder (K–SADS–PL) and costs, in all tests of differences in costs and outcomes.”
Method
Shared Neurocognitive Dysfunctions in Young Offspring at Extreme Risk for Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder in Eastern Quebec Multigenerational Families
Maziade, M., Rouleau, N., Gingras, N., Boutin, P., Paradis, M., Jomphe, V., Boutin, J., Létourneau, K., Gilbert, E., Lefèbvre, A.-A., et al. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn058 · Cited by 100
“Average CGAS of primary Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis.(44,72) Average parental GAS measured during the intervals between acute episodes across life of the affected parent.”
Background
Evidence-Based Assessment of Child Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Recommendations for Clinical Practice and Treatment Research
Lewin, A. B., & Piacentini, J. C. (2010) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9092-8 · Cited by 99
“Similarly, the Global Assessment Scale for Children (CGAS; Shaffer et al. 1983) is a single-item measure of global impairment and functioning over the previous month.”
BackgroundMethod
Impact of Comorbid Anxiety in an Effectiveness Study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents
Young, J. F., Mufson, L. H., & Davies, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222791.23927.5f · Cited by 100
The Brief Impairment Scale (BIS): A Multidimensional Scale of Functional Impairment for Children and Adolescents
Bird, H., CANINO, G. J., Davies, M., Ramírez, R., Chavez, L. M., Duarte, C. S., & Shen, S. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000163281.41383.94 · Cited by 99
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Prevent Relapse in Pediatric Responders to Pharmacotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder
Kennard, B. D., Emslie, G. J., Mayes, T. L., Nightingale-Teresi, J., Nakonezny, P. A., Hughes, J. L., Jones, J. M., Tao, R., Stewart, S. M., & Jarrett, R. B. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31818914a1 · Cited by 98
Child- and Family-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial
West, A. E., Weinstein, S. M., Peters, A. T., Katz, A. C., Henry, D. B., Cruz, R. A., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.013 · Cited by 98
The co-occurrence of psychiatric and substance use diagnoses in adolescents in different service systems: Frequency, recognition, cost, and outcomes
King, R., Gaines, L. S., Lambert, E., Summerfelt, W. T., & Bickman, L. (2000) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/bf02287823 · Cited by 98
Psychopathology, Adversity, and Service Utilization of Young Refugees
Howard, M. O., & Hodes, M. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200003000-00020 · Cited by 98
The internal consistency and concurrent validity of a Spanish translation of the Child Behavior Checklist
Rubio‐Stipec, M., Bird, H., CANINO, G. J., & Gould, M. S. (1990) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917642 · Cited by 98
The treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Labellarte, M. J., Ginsburg, G. S., Walkup, J. T., & Riddle, M. A. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00248-6 · Cited by 101
Assessing clinical and functional outcomes in a gene–environment interaction study in first episode of psychosis (PEPs)
Bernardo, M., Bioque, M., Parellada, M., Ruiz, J. S., Cuesta, M. J., LLerena, A., Sanjuán, J., Castro‐Fornieles, J., Arango, C., & Cabrera, B. (2012) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2012.11.001 · Cited by 97

Authors: Shaffer, D.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Shaffer, David
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1983-11-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 11
Pages: 1228
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010
OpenAlex: W2114776324
Cited by: 3,716
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 114 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 142
FWCI: 11.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Children's Global Assessment Scale, Global Assessment Scale, child psychiatry, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks