Cited by 3,716Psychological Testing and AssessmentChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

Shaffer, David·1983·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010

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Abstract

We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales.

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The Global Assessment Scale: A Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance
Endicott, J. (1976) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770060086012 · Cited by 4,982
A Teacher Rating Scale for Use in Drug Studies with Children
Conners, C. K. (1969) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.6.884 · Cited by 1,758
Normative data on Revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales
Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00919127 · Cited by 1,728
Behavioral Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children Aged Four Through Sixteen
Achenbach, T. M., & EDELBROCK, C. S. (1981) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1165983 · Cited by 1,690
Measuring dimensions of deviant behavior: The Behavior Problem Checklist
Quay, H. C. (1977) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00913698 · Cited by 194

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“, on each scale for each sample) were characterized by good or fair reliability using the Spitzer et al. (1978) guidelines.”
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MethodInfluential
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“Scores between 81 and 100 on the CGAS indicate a normal level of functioning, scores of 61–80 represent a slight disability, scores of 41–60 indicate moderate disability, and scores of 1–40 represent serious disability (Schaffer et al., 1983).”
Background
ADHD in a School Sample of Brazilian Adolescents: A Study of Prevalence, Comorbid Conditions, and Impairments
Rohde, L. A., Biederman, J., Busnello, E. D., Zimmermann, H., Schmitz, M. D., Martins, S., & Tramontina, S. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199906000-00019 · Cited by 325
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Offspring of Depressed Parents: 30 Years Later
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“A child’s version, the C-GAS, was used when the offspring were between ages 6 and 17 (24).”
Method
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Two-Year Prospective Follow-Up of Children With a Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Phenotype
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The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth
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Epidemiology of Childhood Disorders in a Cross–Cultural Context
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Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: Findings from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study
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Controlled trial of a brief cognitive behavioural intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders
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“The anchor points correspond as closely as possible to those of the Child Global Assessment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983) and thus cover the full range of possible childhood adaptation, with a score of 70 being the boundary between normal and clinically impaired adaptation.”
Method
Relationship Between Hunger and Psychosocial Functioning in Low-Income American Children
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Health care reform for Americans with severe mental illnesses: report of the National Advisory Mental Health Council
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.10.1447 · Cited by 297
Mental health in the Americas: an overview of the treatment gap
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Epidemiological study of child & adolescent psychiatric disorders in urban & rural areas of Bangalore, India.
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Prevalence and Description of Selective Mutism in a School-Based Sample
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“Teachers rated 83% (10 of 12) of the comparison children as performing at or above grade level versus only 42% (5 of 12) of the children with SM. Functional Impairment As presented in Table 1, youngsters with SM were significantly more impaired than comparison youngsters on the CGAS-NC (t1,22 = 7.28, p .001).”
MethodInfluential
Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from ADHD by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling
Geller, B., Williams, M., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J., Beringer, L., & Warner, K. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00175-x · Cited by 292
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“…validators of impairment and treating discrepant information with an " OR " rule—that is, using both perspectives to inform endorsement of the presence of a symptom or diagnosis (Grills & Ollendick, 2002). reliability (.69 –.95) and sensitivity to levels of impairment (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
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“(C-GAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) • Clinician-rated.”
Child Bipolar I Disorder
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“A Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) score of 60 or less was required to establish clinically significant impairment.(25,26) Exclusion criteria were IQ less than 70, adopted status, pervasive developmental disorders, schizophrenia, epilepsy or other major medical or neurologic disorder, baseline substance depen…”
School Mental Health Resources and Adolescent Mental Health Service Use
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Risperidone, Lithium, or Divalproex Sodium for Initial Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder, Manic or Mixed Phase, in Children and Adolescents
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Group and Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Trial
Manassis, K., Mendlowitz, S. L., SCAPILLATO, D., AVERY, D., Fıksenbaum, L., Freire, M., Monga, S., & Owens, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00013 · Cited by 282
“The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) (child and parent report) (March, 1998) and the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) (Shaffer et al., 1983) were considered key outcomes.”
Method
The Epidemiology of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders: Prevalence Findings from Recent Studies
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Remission and Residual Symptoms After Short-Term Treatment in the Treatment of Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS)
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“The Children`s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) was completed to measure overall level of functioning with scores 970 indicating no clinically functional impairment, whereas scores of G70 are associated with increasingly severe dysfunction.”
Method
Outcomes of Mental Health Care for Children and Adolescents: I. A Comprehensive Conceptual Model
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A 2-year prospective follow-up study of children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Prediction by cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and autonomic measures?
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Psychiatrie Outcomes in Low-Birth-Weight Children at Age 6 Years: Relation to Neonatal Cranial Ultrasound Abnormalities
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European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder ? first upgrade
Taylor, E., D�pfner, M., Sergeant, J., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Coghill, D., Danckaerts, M., Rothenberger, A., Sonuga-Barke, E., et al. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-1002-x · Cited by 682
“Cut-offs have been proposed in order to differentiate normal functioning from severe problems in need of treatment [144, 161].”
Background
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Sallee, F. R., Nesbitt, L. A., Jackson, C., SINE, L. E., & Sethuraman, G. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.8.1057 · Cited by 267
A Multiple-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Aripiprazole for Treatment of Adolescents With Schizophrenia
Findling, R. L., Robb, A. S., Nyilas, M., Forbes, R. A., Jin, N., Ivanova, S. А., Marcus, R. N., McQuade, R. D., Iwamoto, T., & Carson, W. H. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07061035 · Cited by 267
Grief in Children and Adolescents Bereaved by Sudden Parental Death
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Evidence-based guidelines for management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescents in transition to adult services and in adults: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology
Nutt, D. J., Fone, K., Asherson, P., Bramble, D., Hill, P., Matthews, K., Morris, K. A., Santosh, P., Sonuga-Barke, E., Taylor, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881106073219 · Cited by 259
“Scales such as the Clinical Global Adjustment Scale (Shaffer et al., 1983), the ADHD checklists (Adler et al.”
Method
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Hawton, K., Witt, K. G., Taylor Salisbury, T. L., Arensman, E., Gunnell, D., Townsend, E., van Heeringen, K., & Hazell, P. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012013 · Cited by 261
Family-Focused Treatment for Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder
Miklowitz, D. J., Axelson, D., Birmaher, B. B., George, E. L., Taylor, D. O., Schneck, C. D., Beresford, C. A., Dickinson, L. M., Craighead, W. E., & Brent, D. A. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.9.1053 · Cited by 268
Diagnostic Characteristics of 93 Cases of a Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Phenotype by Gender, Puberty and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., DelBello, M. P., & Soutullo, C. A. (2000) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/10445460050167269 · Cited by 260
A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia
Clemmensen, L., Vernal, D. L., & Steinhausen, H. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-150 · Cited by 258
“The studies were categorized as reporting outcome by use of either a General Functioning Scale (GFS, including Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF, [56])), Children`s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS, [57]), and Global Assessment Scale (GAS, [58]) or Study-Specific Functioning (SSF) outcomes.”
Method
Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents With Mental Disorders
Sawyer, M. G., Whaites, L., Rey, J. M., Hazell, P., GRAETZ, B. W., & Baghurst, P. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200205000-00010 · Cited by 257
Frontotemporal Alterations in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Dickstein, D. P., Milham, M. P., Nugent, A. C., Drevets, W. C., Charney, D. S., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.734 · Cited by 258
“We collected the following mood and function ratings on all subjects with BPD: Young Mania Rating Scale,(45) Children’s Depression Rating Scale,(46) Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children,(47) and Children’s Global Assessment of Severity.(48) Controls (n=20) were matched individually with patients for age and sex.”
Method
Cyclothymic temperament as a prospective predictor of bipolarity and suicidality in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder
Kochman, F., Hantouche, E. G., Ferrari, P., Lancrenon, S., Bayart, D., & Akiskal, H. S. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.09.009 · Cited by 253
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Compared With Enhanced Usual Care for Adolescents With Repeated Suicidal and Self-Harming Behavior: Outcomes Over a One-Year Follow-Up
Mehlum, L. I., Ramberg, M., Tørmoen, A. J., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Stanley, B., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.005 · Cited by 263
Double-Blind 18-Month Trial of Lithium Versus Divalproex Maintenance Treatment in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
Findling, R. L., Mcnamara, N. K., Youngstrom, E. A., Stansbrey, R., Gracious, B. L., Reed, M. D., & Calabrese, J. R. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000155981.83865.ea · Cited by 252
A pilot study of penicillin prophylaxis for neuropsychiatric exacerbations triggered by streptococcal infections
Garvey, M. A., Perlmutter, S., Allen, A. J., Hamburger, S., Lougee, L., Leonard, H. L., Witowski, M. E., Dubbert, B. K., & Swedo, S. E. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00020-7 · Cited by 251
Specificity of facial expression labeling deficits in childhood psychopathology
Guyer, A. E., Tone, E. B., Adler, A., Brotman, M. A., Rich, B. A., Kimes, A. S., Pine, D. S., Ernst, M., & Leibenluft, E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01758.x · Cited by 255
“BD, SMD, and ANX/MDD patients’ CGAS scores indicated moderate impairment and did not differ significantly (BD: M=50.27±11.28; SMD: M=48.84±7.67; ANX/MDD: M=49.05±7.76).”
BackgroundInfluential
Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex Volumes Differ in Maltreated Youth with and without Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Morey, R. A., Haswell, C. C., Hooper, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.205 · Cited by 237
Predictors of Spontaneous and Systematically Assessed Suicidal Adverse Events in the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) Study
Brent, D. A., Emslie, G. J., Clarke, G. N., Asarnow, J., Spirito, A., Ritz, L., Vitiello, B., Iyengar, S., Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08070976 · Cited by 235
Prevalence of PTSD in a Community Sample of Older Adolescents
Cuffe, S. P., Addy, C. L., Garrison, C. Z., Waller, J. L., Jackson, K. L., McKeown, R. E., & Chilappagari, S. (1998) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199802000-00006 · Cited by 250
National Institute of Mental Health Research Roundtable on Prepubertal Bipolar Disorder
Nottelmann, E. D. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200108000-00007 · Cited by 242
Influence of gender on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Europe – ADORE
Nøvik, T. S., Amaia Hervas, G., Ralston, S. J., Dalsgaard, S., Pereira, R. R., Lorenzo, M. J., & ADORE Study Group* (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-1003-z · Cited by 240
“Symptoms of ADHD and the severity of disorder were assessed by the investigator using the ADHD-Rating Scale-IV-Parent version (ADHD-RS-IV) [9], the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) [31] and the Clinical Global Impression-ADHD severity scale (CGIS) [18].”
MethodInfluential
Child- and Family-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Development and Preliminary Results
Pavuluri, M. N., Graczyk, P. A., Henry, D. B., Carbray, J. A., Heidenreich, J., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200405000-00006 · Cited by 239
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children: Psychiatric Diagnoses and Parental Psychopathology
Garber, J., Zeman, J. L., & Walker, L. S. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199007000-00021 · Cited by 238
Naturalistic Follow-up of Youths Treated for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders
Ginsburg, G. S., Becker, E. M., Keeton, C. P., Sakolsky, D. J., Piacentini, J. C., Albano, A. M., Compton, S. N., Iyengar, S., Sullivan, K., Caporino, N. E., et al. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4186 · Cited by 257
Remotely delivering real-time parent training to the home: An initial randomized trial of Internet-delivered parent–child interaction therapy (I-PCIT).
Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Miguel, E. M., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Carpenter, A. L., Elkins, R. M., Kerns, C. E., Cornacchio, D., Chou, T., Coxe, S. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000230 · Cited by 240
“Independent evaluators (IEs) masked to treatment condition conducted Kiddie-Disruptive Behavior Disorder Schedule (K-DBDS; Keenan, Wakschlag, & Danis, 2001) diagnostic interviews, and generated Clinical Global Impressions (CGI; Guy & Bonato, 1970) and Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983) sco…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents (SAICA): Testing of a New Semistructured Interview
JOHN, K., GAMMON, D. G., PRUSOFF, B. A., & WARNER, V. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198726060-00015 · Cited by 236
European clinical guidelines for Tourette Syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment
the ESSTS Guidelines Group, Cath, D. C., Hedderly, T. J., Ludolph, A. G., Stern, J. S., Murphy, T. L., Hartmann, A., Czernecki, V., Robertson, M. M., Martino, D., et al. (2011) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0164-6 · Cited by 251
“Alternatively, impairment can be assessed using a Global Assessment of Functioning, both in children (C-GAS) [70] and in adults according to axis five of DSM-IV TR (2002 [47]).”
Method
Race and Gender Differences in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adolescents
Cuffe, S. P., Waller, J. L., Cuccaro, M. L., Pumariega, A. J., & Garrison, C. Z. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199511000-00021 · Cited by 235
Recovery and Recurrence Following Treatment for Adolescent Major Depression
Curry, J. F., Silva, S. G., Rohde, P., Ginsburg, G. S., Kratochvil, C. J., Simons, A. D., Kirchner, J., MAY, D. E., Kennard, B. D., Mayes, T. L., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.150 · Cited by 232
“Adolescents completed the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS).29 For global functioning, the evaluator assigned a rating on the Children’s Global Assessment Scale.30 To measure suicidal ideation, adolescents completed the Suicide Ideation Questionnaire– Junior High Version.31 The index for melancholic features…”
Method
An open door review of outcome studies in psychoanalysis
Fonagy, P., Jones, E. E., Kächele, H., Krause, R., Clarkin, J., Perron, R., Gerber, A., & Allison, E. (2001) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · doi:10.13140/2.1.3458.0160 · Cited by 232
Epidemiology of Psychiatric Disability in Childhood and Adolescence
Ezpeleta, L., Keeler, G., Erkanli, A., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00786 · Cited by 230
“…Angold, & Keeler, 1999; Costello, Angold,Messer, &Farmer, 1996; Green, Shirk, Hanze, & Wasntrath, 1994; Hodges &Wong, 1997; Hodges, Wong, & Latessa, 1998; Lavigne et al., 1998; Lyons et al., 1997; McArdle & Gillett, 1997; Settertobulte & Kolip, 1997; Shaffer et al., 1983; Verhulst et al., 1993).”
Background
BRIEF REPORT: Functional Impairment in Childhood OCD: Development and Psychometrics Properties of the Child Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale-Revised (COIS-R)
Piacentini, J. C., Peris, T. S., Bergman, R. L., Chang, S. W., & Jaffer, M. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701662790 · Cited by 229
“Clinicians also completed the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
MethodInfluential
Child Psychiatric Disorders and Their Correlates: A Primary Care Pediatric Sample
Costello, E. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198911000-00007 · Cited by 229
Predictors and moderators of treatment response in childhood anxiety disorders: Results from the CAMS trial.
Compton, S. N., Peris, T. S., Almirall, D., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J., Kendall, P. C., March, J. S., Gosch, E. A., Ginsburg, G. S., Rynn, M. A., et al. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035458 · Cited by 226
“• Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS; Shaffer et al., 1983).”
Background
Priority Issues in Latino Mental Health Services Research
Vega, W. A., & Lopez, S. R. (2001) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/a:1013125030718 · Cited by 225
“This limits their use for estimating unmet treatment needs or identifying the types of services required (Shaffer et al., 1983).”
Background
Efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy‐Adolescent Skills Training: an indicated preventive intervention for depression
Young, J. F., Mufson, L. H., & Davies, M. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01667.x · Cited by 225
Psychosocial and Clinical Correlates of ADHD in a Community Sample of School-Age Children
Scahill, L. D., Schwab‐Stone, M., Merikangas, K. R., Leckman, J. F., Heping Zhang, D., & Kasl, S. V. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199908000-00013 · Cited by 224
SET-C Versus Fluoxetine in the Treatment of Childhood Social Phobia
BEIDEL, D. C., TURNER, S. M., SALLEE, F. R., AMMERMAN, R. T., CROSBY, L. A., & PATHAK, S. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318154bb57 · Cited by 223
Impairment in the Epidemiological Measurement of Childhood Psychopathology in the Community
BIRD, H. R., YAGER, T. J., STAGHEZZA, B. M., Gould, M. S., CANINO, G. J., & Rubio‐Stipec, M. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199009000-00020 · Cited by 222
Clozapine and “High-Dose” Olanzapine in Refractory Early-Onset Schizophrenia: A 12-Week Randomized and Double-Blind Comparison
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School-Based Intervention for Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder: Results of a Controlled Study
Masia-Warner, C., Klein, R. G., Dent, H. C., Fisher, P. H., Alvir, J., Marie Albano, A., & Guardino, M. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-7649-z · Cited by 218
Phenomenology and Correlates of Complicated Grief in Children and Adolescents
MELHEM, N. M., MORITZ, G., WALKER, M., SHEAR, M. K., & BRENT, D. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803062a9 · Cited by 220
Risperidone in Children With Autism: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study
Nagaraj, R., Singhi, P., & Malhi, P. (2006) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738060210060801 · Cited by 214
History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: factors associated with increased risk
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Symptoms Versus Impairment
Gordon, M., Antshel, K. M., Faraone, S. V., Barkley, R. A., Lewandowski, L., Hudziak, J. J., Biederman, J., & Cunningham, C. E. (2006) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705283881 · Cited by 218
Treatment of Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA): week 24 outcomes
Emslie, G. J., Mayes, T., Porta, G., Vitiello, B., Clarke, G., Wagner, K. D., Asarnow, J. R., Spirito, A., Birmaher, B., Ryan, N., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09040552 · Cited by 217
“A Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).”
Method

Authors: Shaffer, D.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Shaffer, David
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1983-11-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 11
Pages: 1228
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010
OpenAlex: W2114776324
Cited by: 3,716
References: 5
Citations by year: 2026: 114 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 156 · 2018: 143 · 2017: 137 · 2016: 171 · 2015: 165 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 163 · 2012: 142
FWCI: 11.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Children's Global Assessment Scale, Global Assessment Scale, child psychiatry, psychometric properties, inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, concurrent validity
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Ambulatory Care, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Parents, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics

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A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)

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