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Parental Psychopathology, Parenting Styles, and the Risk of Social Phobia in Offspring: A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This article examines the associations between DSM-IV social phobia and parental psychopathology, parenting style, and characteristics of family functioning in a representative community sample of adolescents. METHODS: Findings are based on baseline and first follow-up data of 1047 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years at baseline (response rate, 74.3%), and independent diagnostic interviews with one of their parents. Diagnostic assessments in parents and adolescents were based on the DSM-IV algorithms of the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Parenting style (rejection, emotional warmth, and overprotection) was assessed by the Questionnaire of Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior, and family functioning (problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavioral control) was assessed by the McMaster Family Assessment Device. RESULTS: There was a strong association between parental social phobia and social phobia among offspring (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-13.5). Other forms of parental psychopathology also were associated with social phobia in adolescents (depression: OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-9.1; any anxiety disorder other than social phobia: OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.4-8.8; and any alcohol use disorder: OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1-7.8). Parenting style, specifically parental overprotection (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.9) and rejection (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9), was found to be associated with social phobia in respondents. Family functioning was not associated with respondents' social phobia. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that parental psychopathology, particularly social phobia and depression, and perceived parenting style (overprotection and rejection) are both associated with the development of social phobia in youth.
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“Speci fi c phobias (SP) are among the most commonly occurring disorders across the lifespan and are one of the earliest to onset (Lieb et al., 2000; Steinhausen et al., 2016)”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Lieb et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“Speci fi c phobias set early in life, have a chronic course, and predict development of additional mental health concerns later in life; however, little is currently known about the origins of speci fi c phobias in young children aged 3 -6 years.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Lieb et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“Parental overprotection was found to be associated with social phobia.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Lieb et al. (2000)
In the citing paper
“No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting (Lieb et al., 2000; Overbeek et al., 2007; Heider et al., 2008; Knappe et al., 2012).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Lieb et al., 2000
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Family and high‐risk studies of social anxiety disorder
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2000-09-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 859
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2008713917
- Cited by
- 501
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 12.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, parental psychopathology, parenting styles, overprotection, parental rejection, family functioning, adolescent depression, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, offspring risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Family Relations, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Phobic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Child of Impaired Parents, Parenting, Age of Onset
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