CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 42Cardiovascular Health and Disease PreventionCardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

Childhood Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Vascular Changes in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Open access
Li, Shengxu, Chen, Wei, Srinivasan, Sathanur R., Bond, M. Gene, Tang, Rong, Urbina, Elaine M., Berenson, Gerald S.·2003·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.290.17.2271
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Context Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is recognized as an important predictive measure of clinical coronary atherosclerosis events in middle-aged and elderly populations. However, information on the association of carotid IMT in young adults with different risk factors measured in childhood, adulthood, or as a cumulative burden of each of the risk factors measured serially from childhood to adulthood is limited. Objective To examine the association between carotid IMT in young adults and traditional cardiovascular risk factors measured since childhood. Design, Setting, and Participants A cohort study of 486 adults aged 25 to 37 years from a semirural black and white community in Bogalusa, La (71% white, 39% men), who had at least 3 measurements of traditional risk factors since childhood, conducted between September 1973 and December 1996. Main Outcome Measure Association of carotid IMT with risk factors, including systolic blood pressure, lipoprotein levels, and body mass index. Results Male vs female (0.757 mm vs 0.719 mm) and black vs white (0.760 mm vs 0.723 mm) participants had increased carotid IMT (P<.001 for both). In multivariable analyses, significant predictors for being in top vs lower 3 quartiles of carotid IMT in young adults were childhood measures of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (odds ratio [OR], 1.42, corresponding to 1-SD change specific for age, race, and sex; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.78) and body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.54); adulthood measures of LDL-C level (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16-1.82), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.88), and systolic blood pressure (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08-1.72); and long-term cumulative burden of LDL-C (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.24-2.01) and HDL-C (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.97) levels measured serially from childhood to adulthood. An increasing trend in carotid IMT across quartiles of LDL-C level measured in childhood was observed, with a mean value of 0.761 mm (95% CI, 0.743-0.780 mm) for those at the top quartile vs 0.724 mm (95% CI, 0.715-0.734 mm) for those in the lower 3 quartiles (P<.001). Conclusions Childhood measures of LDL-C level and BMI predict carotid IMT in young adults. The prevention implications of these findings remains to be explored.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.290.17.2271

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Hypertension and obesity in childhood result in poor cardiovascular outcomes with age.

    “Many groups have established that hypertension and obesity in childhood result in poor cardiovascular outcomes with age [23,24,25,26,27].”

    From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [24]

    The Results (page not provided) report that childhood BMI and systolic blood pressure correlated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in young adulthood, but only childhood BMI was a significant predictor in the multivariable analysis. The Comment (page not provided) says the study was observational and measured carotid IMT in young adults too young to experience coronary events. It therefore supports an association with a marker of cardiovascular risk, not that childhood hypertension and obesity cause poor clinical outcomes with age. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 46

  1. Lauer RM, Shekelle RB, eds. Childhood Preven- tion of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1980.
  2. Berenson GS, ed. Causation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children: Perspectives on Cardiovascular Risk in Early Life. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986.
  3. Akerblom HK, Uhari M, Pesonen E, et al. Cardio- vascular risk in young Finns. Ann Med. 1991;23:35- 39.
  4. Newman WP III, Freedman DS, Voors AW, et al. Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis: the Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:138-144.
  5. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Malcom GT, Oal- mann MC, Strong JP. Effects of serum lipoproteins and smoking on atherosclerosis in young men and wom- en: the Pathobiological Determinants of Atheroscle- rosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:95-106.
  6. Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Davis V, et al. Risk fac- tors for progression of common carotid atherosclero- sis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, 1987-1998. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:38-47.
  7. Crouse JR III, Tang R, Espeland MA, Terry JG, Mor- gan T, Mercuri M. Associations of extracranial ca- rotid atherosclerosis progression with coronary sta- tus and risk factors in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2061- 2066.
  8. Heiss G, Sharrett AR, Barnes R, Chambless LE, Szklo M, Alzola C. Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. Am J Epi- demiol. 1991;134:250-256.
  9. Burke GL, Evans GW, Riley WA, et al. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke. 1995;26:386- 391.
  10. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128: 262-269.
  11. Hulthe J, Wikstrand J, Emanuelsson H, et al. Ath- erosclerotic changes in the carotid artery bulb as mea- sured by B-mode ultrasound are associated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Stroke. 1997;28: 1189-1194.
  12. Urbina EM, Srinivasan SR, Tang R, Bond MG, Kiel- tyka L, Berenson GS. Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different seg- ments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (the Bo- galusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:953-958.
  13. Lauer RM, Lee J, Clarke WR. Factors affecting the relationship between childhood and adult choles- terol levels: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. 1988; 82:309-318.
  14. Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, Bao W, Be- renson GS. Usefulness of childhood low-density lipo- protein cholesterol level in predicting adult dyslipid- emia and other cardiovascular risks: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1315-1320.
  15. Porkka KV, Viikari JS, Taimela S, et al, for the Car- diovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Tracking and predictiveness of serum lipid and lipoprotein measure- ments in childhood: a 12-year follow-up. Am J Epi- demiol. 1994;140:1096-1110.
  16. Davis PH, Dawson JD, Riley WA, Lauer RM. Ca- rotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovas- cular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study. Circulation. 2001; 104:2815-2819.
  17. Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CSG. Enzymatic deter- mination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1974; 20:470-475.
  18. Buculo G, David H. Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin Chem. 1973;19:476-482.
  19. Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Serum lipoproteins in children and methods for study. In: Lewis LA, ed. CRC Handbook of Electrophoresis, Vol III: Lipopro- tein Methodology and Human Studies. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1983:185-204.
  20. Bond MG, Barnes RW, Riley WA, et al. High- resolution B-mode ultrasound reading methods in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort: the ARIC Study Group. J Neuroimaging. 1991;1:168-172.
  21. Tang R, Hennig M, Thomasson B, et al. Baseline reproducibility of B-mode ultrasonic measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness: the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA). J Hyper- tens. 2000;18:197-201.
  22. Manolio TA, Burke GL, Psaty BM, et al, for CHS Collaborative Research Group. Black-white differ- ences in subclinical cardiovascular disease among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Clin Epi- demiol. 1995;48:1141-1152.
  23. D'Agostino RB Jr, Burke G, O'Leary D, et al. Eth- nic differences in carotid wall thickness: the Insulin Re- sistance Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke. 1996;27:1744- 1749.
  24. Srinivasan SR, Wattigney W, Webber LS, Berenson GS. Race and gender differences in serum lipoproteins of children, adolescents, and young adults: emergence of an adverse lipoprotein pattern in white males: the Bo- galusa Heart Study. Prev Med. 1991;20:671-684.
  25. Donahue RP, Jacobs DR Jr, Sidney S, Wagen- knecht LE, Albers JJ, Hulley SB. Distribution of lipo- proteins and apolipoproteins in young adults: the CAR- DIA Study. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9:656-664.
  26. Morrison JA, deGroot I, Kelly KA, et al. Black- white differences in plasma lipoproteins in Cincinnati school children (one-to-one pair matched by total plasma cholesterol, sex, and age). Metabolism. 1979; 28:241-245.
  27. Greenlund KJ, Kiefe CI, Gidding SS, et al. Differ- ences in cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white young adults: comparisons among five com- munities of the CARDIA and the Bogalusa Heart Stud- ies. Ann Epidemiol. 1998;8:22-30.
  28. Napoli C, Glass CK, Witztum JL, Deutsch R, D'Armiento FP, Palinski W. Influence of maternal hy- percholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progres- sion of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet. 1999; 354:1234-1241.
  29. Srinivasan SR, Dolan P, Radhakrishnamurthy B, Par- gaonkar PS, Berenson GS. Lipoprotein-acid mucopoly- saccharide complexes of human atherosclerotic le- sions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1975;388:58-70.
  30. Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory dis- ease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126.
  31. Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272:20963-20966.
  32. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988: role of insu- lin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988;37: 1595-1607.
  33. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:2409-2415.
  34. Stout RW. Insulin and atheroma: an update. Lan- cet. 1987;1:1077-1079.
  35. McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, et al, for Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group. Relation of a post- mortem renal index of hypertension to atherosclero- sis and coronary artery size in young men and women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:1108-1118.
  36. Chobanian AV, Alexander RW. Exacerbation of atherosclerosis by hypertension: potential mecha- nisms and clinical implications. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156:1952-1956.
  37. Wilson PW, Hoeg JM, D'Agostino RB, et al. Cu- mulative effects of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:516-522.
  38. Klag MJ, Ford DE, Mead LA, et al. Serum cho- lesterol in young men and subsequent cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:313-318.
  39. Mannami T, Baba S, Ogata J. Strong and signifi- cant relationships between aggregation of major coro- nary risk factors and the acceleration of carotid ath- erosclerosis in the general population of a Japanese city. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2297-2303.
  40. Taylor S, McCracken CF, Wilson KCM, Copeland JRM. Extent and appropri- ateness of benzodiazepine use: results from an elderly urban community. Br J Psy- chiatry. 1998;173:433-438.
  41. Weintraub M, Handy BM. Benzodiazepines of long and short elimination half- life and the risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 1989;262:3303-3307.
  42. Hemmelgarn B, Suissa S, Huang A, Boivin JF, Pinard G. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA. 1997;278:27-31.
  43. Neutel CI, Pattel SB. Risk of suicide attempts after benzodiazepine and/or an- tidepressant use. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:568-574.
  44. Buysse DJ, Ganguli MG. Can sleep be bad for you? can insomnia be good? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:137-138.
  45. Bootsma-van der Wiel A, van Exel E, de Craen AJM, et al. A high response is not essential to prevent selection bias: results from the Leiden 85-plus Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55:1119-1125.
  46. Salzman C, ed. Clinical Geriatric Psychopharmacology. 3rd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1998. CORRECTIONS Omitted Financial Disclosure: In the Contempo Updates article entitled "Recent Advances and Future Frontiers in Treating Age-Related Cataracts" published in the July 9, 2003, issue of THE JOURNAL (2003;290:248-251), a financial disclosure was not reported. The following should have been included: "Financial Disclo- sure: Dr Donnenfeld receives research support from Alcon, which manufactures moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin for ophthalmic use. He also receives research sup- port and is a consultant for Allergan, which manufactures gatifloxacin and ofloxa- cin for ophthalmic use." Addendum: In the Research Letter entitled "The World Trade Center Disaster and Intrauterine Growth Restriction" published in the August 6, 2003, issue of THE JOURNAL (2003;290:595-596), the following should have been added to the next to last paragraph in the "Methods" section: "One potential participant was not included in this study because the child was diagnosed with a disorder of pre- sumed genetic origin." Incorrect Author Initials: In the Original Contribution entitled "Childhood Car- diovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Vascular Changes in Adulthood: The Boga- lusa Heart Study" published in the November 5, 2003, issue of THE JOURNAL (2003;290:2271-2276), there were incorrect author initials. On page 2272, the sentence that read "Images were recorded on S-VHS tapes and read by certified readers from the Division of Vascular Ultrasound Research (G.S.B., R.T.) . . . " should have read "Images were recorded on S-VHS tapes and read by certified readers from the Division of Vascular Ultrasound Research (M.G.B., R.T.) . . . ."

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Li, S., Chen, W., Srinivasan, S. R., Bond, M. G., Tang, R., Urbina, E. M., & Berenson, G. S.
Affiliations
Tulane University (US)
Corresponding author
Berenson, Gerald S.
ORCID
Li, Shengxu
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2003-11-05
Volume
290
Issue
17
Pages
2271
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.290.17.2271
OpenAlex
W84193308
Cited by
8
References
6
Citations by year
2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
FWCI
0.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
JAMA (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Heart Association (0160261B, AG-16592)
  • ZonMw
  • National Institute on Aging (AG16592, HL-38844, R01AG016592)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 38 844)
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD043820)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords
carotid intima-media thickness, young adults, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, atherosclerosis, Bogalusa Heart Study, sex differences, racial differences, cardiovascular risk prediction, lipoproteins, obesity, hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review