Cited by 397Bone Tissue Engineering MaterialsTissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineHydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications

Design Challenges in Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Open access
Echeverria Molina, Maria I., Malollari, Katerina G., Komvopoulos, Kyriakos·2021·Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Abstract

Numerous surgical procedures are daily performed worldwide to replace and repair damaged tissue. Tissue engineering is the field devoted to the regeneration of damaged tissue through the incorporation of cells in biocompatible and biodegradable porous constructs, known as scaffolds. The scaffolds act as host biomaterials of the incubating cells, guiding their attachment, growth, differentiation, proliferation, phenotype, and migration for the development of new tissue. Furthermore, cellular behavior and fate are bound to the biodegradation of the scaffold during tissue generation. This article provides a critical appraisal of how key biomaterial scaffold parameters, such as structure architecture, biochemistry, mechanical behavior, and biodegradability, impart the needed morphological, structural, and biochemical cues for eliciting cell behavior in various tissue engineering applications. Particular emphasis is given on specific scaffold attributes pertaining to skin and brain tissue generation, where further progress is needed (skin) or the research is at a relatively primitive stage (brain), and the enumeration of some of the most important challenges regarding scaffold constructs for tissue engineering.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fbioe.2021.617141

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  • This can be related to the fact that fabricated materials were mainly developed as biologically inert, so they would not have provoked any reaction from the recipient's side.

    “This can be related to the fact that fabricated materials were mainly developed as biologically inert, so they would not have provoked any reaction from the recipient’s side [199].”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [199]

    The Immunomodulation section says that immune responses were historically treated as challenges and that biomaterial design has shifted from suppressing the immune response to actively modulating it. It does not say fabricated materials were mainly designed to be biologically inert or that they would provoke no reaction in recipients; it describes biomaterials as foreign bodies that elicit immune-mediated tissue reactions. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Although many scaffolds have been successfully applied in vivo or utilized in clinical medicine to restore damaged tissues, adverse effects such as extensive inflammatory response leading to transplant rejection were often observed.

    “Although many scaffolds have been successfully applied in vivo or utilized in clinical medicine to restore damaged tissues, adverse effects such as extensive inflammatory response leading to transplant rejection were often observed.”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [199]

    The Introduction says some engineered tissues have been approved for human use, but transplantation can be limited by complications leading to biomaterial rejection. The Immunomodulation section describes inflammatory responses to implanted scaffolds and says immune reactions usually restrict transplant integration. It does not establish that many scaffolds have been successfully used clinically or that extensive inflammation leading to rejection was often observed. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The synthetic material's prolonged presence causes an inflammatory response mediated by phagocytes and foreign body giant cells.

    “Furthermore, the synthetic material’s prolonged presence causes an inflammatory response mediated by phagocytes and foreign body giant cells.”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [199]

    The Immunomodulation section says implanted biomaterials can provoke an immune-mediated foreign-body reaction and describes inflammatory macrophages and phagocytes. It does not say that prolonged presence of synthetic material causes this response, or identify foreign body giant cells as mediators; that term appears only in a reference title. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • The implantation site and the procedure of scaffold implantation affect the recruitment and composition of adjacent cell populations.

    “The implantation site, as well as the procedure of scaffold implantation itself, affect the recruitment and composition of adjacent cell populations.”

    From Resorbable Biomaterials Used for 3D Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [199]

    The Immunomodulation section says scaffold properties can affect immune-cell recruitment and the phenotype of infiltrating cells. But passages found when searching for implantation site and implantation procedure do not say that either the site or the procedure affects the recruitment and composition of adjacent cell populations. Our copy therefore does not establish the claim's stated causes. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • By-effects of this phenomenon include fibrous encapsulation of the implanted scaffold.

    “By-effects of this phenomenon include fibrous encapsulation of the implanted scaffold [199].”

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Authors
Echeverria Molina, M. I., Malollari, K. G., & Komvopoulos, K.
Affiliations
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author
Komvopoulos, Kyriakos
Venue
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Published
2021-06-14
Volume
9
Pages
617141-617141
ISSN
2296-4185 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3171498185
Cited by
397
References
318
Citations by year
2026: 103 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 2
FWCI
3.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
Keywords
polymer scaffolds, tissue engineering, biodegradable biomaterials, scaffold design, biodegradation, cell behavior, scaffold architecture, mechanical properties, skin regeneration, brain tissue regeneration

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