Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity
Abstract
Subjects are reluctant to vaccinate a (hypothetical) child when the vaccination itself can cause death, even when this is much less likely than death from the disease prevented. This effect is even greater when there is a ‘risk group’ for death (with its overall probability held constant), even though the test for membership in the risk group is unavailable. This effect cannot be explained in terms of a tendency to assume that the child is in the risk group. A risk group for death from the disease has no effect on reluctance to vaccinate. The reluctance is an example of omission bias (Spranca, Minsk & Baron, in press), an overgeneralization of a distinction between commissions and omissions to a case in which it is irrelevant. Likewise, it would ordinarily be prudent to find out whether a child is in a risk group before acting, but in this case it is impossible, so knowledge of the existence of the risk group is irrelevant. The risk‐group effect is consistent with Frisch & Baron's (1988) interpretation of ambiguity.
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Harmful actions are judged more harshly than harmful inactions.
“Harmful actions are judged more harshly than harmful inactions 179,180 ,”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [180]
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Patterns of Moral Judgment Derive From Nonmoral Psychological Representations
Cushman, F., & Young, L. (2011) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01167.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Conceptual, Methodological, and Ethical Problems in Communicating Uncertainty in Clinical Evidence
Han, P. K. J. (2012) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558712459361 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ritov, I., & Baron, J.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1990-10
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 263-277
- ISSN
- 0894-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0771
- OpenAlex
- W2167052337
- Cited by
- 854
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- omission bias, ambiguity, risk groups, risk aversion, risk assessment, decision making under uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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