The reasoning skills and thinking dispositions of problem gamblers: a dual‐process taxonomy

Toplak, Maggie E.; Liu, Eleanor; Macpherson, Robyn; Toneatto, Tony; Stanovich, Keith E.

doi:10.1002/bdm.544

Cited by 103Gambling Behavior and TreatmentsDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills

The reasoning skills and thinking dispositions of problem gamblers: a dual‐process taxonomy

Toplak, Maggie E., Liu, Eleanor, Macpherson, Robyn, Toneatto, Tony, Stanovich, Keith E.·2007·Journal of Behavioral Decision Making

DOI 10.1002/bdm.544

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Abstract

We present a taxonomy that categorizes the types of cognitive failure that might result in persistent gambling. The taxonomy subsumes most previous theories of gambling behavior, and it defines three categories of cognitive difficulties that might lead to gambling problems: The autonomous set of systems (TASS) override failure, missing TASS output, and mindware problems. TASS refers to the autonomous set of systems in the brain (which are executed rapidly and without volition, are not under conscious control, and are not dependent on analytic system output). Mindware consists of rules, procedures, and strategies available for explicit retrieval. Seven of the eight tasks administered to pathological gamblers, gamblers with subclinical symptoms, and control participants were associated with problem gambling, and five of the eight were significant predictors in analyses that statistically controlled for age and cognitive competence. In a commonality analysis, an indicator from each of the three categories of cognitive difficulties explained significant unique variance in problem gambling, indicating that each of the categories had some degree of predictive specificity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Superstitious thinking has been found to predict probabilistic reasoning.
“Superstitious thinking has been found to predict probabilistic reasoning (Kokis, Macpherson, Toplak, West, & Stanovich, 2002;Toplak, Liu, Macpherson, Toneatto, & Stanovich, 2007).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Toplak, Liu, Macpherson, Toneatto, & Stanovich, 2007

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Reflexive and reflective judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach.
Lieberman, M. D. (2003) · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Rules for reasoning
Nisbett, R. (1993) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203763230 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Implicit Philosophies of Mind: The Dualism Scale and Its Relation to Religiosity and Belief in Extrasensory Perception
Stanovich, K. E. (1989) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1989.10542958 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citation
Arousal and Sensation-Seeking Components in the General Explanation of Gambling and Gambling Addictions
Brown, R. I. F. (1986) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826088609077251 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Diagnosticity and pseudodiagnosticity.
Marom, T., & Fischhoff, B. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1185 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Personality disorders among pathological gamblers
Blaszczynski, A., & Steel, Z. (1998) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1023098525869 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Is probability matching smart? Associations between probabilistic choices and cognitive ability
West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2003) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03194383 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pathological Gamblers are Neither Impulsive Nor Sensation—Seekers
Allcock, C., & Grace, D. M. (1988) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048678809161212 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Comparisons between the South Oaks Gambling Screen and a DSM-IV—Based Interview in a Community Survey of Problem Gambling
Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Michaud, V. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900406 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Gambling Behavior and Pathology in Relation to Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking, and Risky Behavior in Male College Students
Langewisch, M. W., & Frisch, G. R. (1998) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1022005625498 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Paradoxes of Gambling Behavior
Massaro, D. W., & Wagenaar, W. A. (1990) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423150 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The role of autonomic arousal in problem gambling
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Alexithymia and Pathological Gambling
Lumley, M. A., & Roby, K. J. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000288960 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Learning to think: The challenges of teaching thinking
Ritchhart, R., & Perkins, D. N. (2005) · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The evolution of agency and other essays
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-0300 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Emotional intelligence: Science & myth
Gredler, G. R. (2004) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20032 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Who uses base rates andP(D/∼H)? An analysis of individual differences
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211379 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognition and Chance: The Psychology of Probabilistic Reasoning
Nickerson, R. S. (2004) · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Age and gambling behavior: A declining and shifting pattern of participation
Mok, W., & Hraba, J. (1991) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/bf01023749 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pathological gambling treated with cognitive behavior therapy: A case report
Toneatto, T., & Sobell, L. C. (1990) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(90)90038-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
The selfish meme
Stewart, P. S. (2006) · The New Scientist · doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(06)60419-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gambling: a dependence without a drug
Dickerson, M. (1989) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540268909110392 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Cognition and Chance
Nickerson, R. S. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410610836 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
COMMENTARIES on "Seven Myths About Emotional Intelligence" and "Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings, and Implications"
Oatley, K. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1503_03 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gambling Participation and Problems Among Employees at a University Health Center
Petry, N. M., & Mallya, S. (2004) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/b:jogs.0000022307.09299.f5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
First Year Impacts of Casino Gambling in a Community
Govoni, R., Frisch, G. R., Rupcich, N., & Getty, H. (1998) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1023021009398 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Current Trends and Future Directions in the Study of Psychosocial Treatments for Pathological Gambling
Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00341.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The effects of selective hypothesis testing on gambling.
Gibson, B. D., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., & Posavac, S. S. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/1076-898x.3.2.126 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Explicit representations in hypothetical thinking
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The rationality of gambling : gamblers' conceptions of probability, chance and luck
Keren, G. G. (1994) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dual processes, evolution and rationality
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2004) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780442000150 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

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Practitioner Review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct?
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12001 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0104-1 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Self-citation
On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Self-citation
Distinguishing the reflective, algorithmic, and autonomous minds: Is it time for a tri-process theory?
Stanovich, K. E. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.003.0003 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Self-citation
Heuristics and biases as measures of critical thinking: Associations with cognitive ability and thinking dispositions.
West, R. F., Toplak, M. E., & Stanovich, K. E. (2008) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012842 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
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Decision-making and cognitive abilities: A review of associations between Iowa Gambling Task performance, executive functions, and intelligence
Toplak, M. E., Sorge, G. B., Benoit, A., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
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On the Distinction Between Rationality and Intelligence: Implications for Understanding Individual Differences in Reasoning
Stanovich, K. E. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0022 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive failures as predictors of driving errors, lapses, and violations.
Wickens, C. M., Toplak, M. E., & Wiesenthal, D. (2008) · Accident Analysis and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.01.006 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
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The Bias That Divides Us: The Science and Politics of Myside Thinking
Stanovich, K. E. (2021) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13367.001.0001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Development of Rational Thought: A Taxonomy of Heuristics and Biases
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)00006-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Comprehensive Assessment of Rational Thinking
Stanovich, K. E. (2016) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2015.1125787 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citation
Unpacking Intuition: A Process and Outcome Framework
Gore, J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (2011) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025069 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
An examination of the underlying dimensional structure of three domains of contaminated mindware: paranormal beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, and anti-science attitudes
Rizeq, J., Flora, D., & Toplak, M. E. (2020) · Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2020.1759688 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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Individual Differences in the Consideration of Future and (More) Immediate Consequences: A Review and Directions for Future Research
Joireman, J. A., & King, S. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12252 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Risk Perception in Gambling: A Systematic Review
Spurrier, M., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9371-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
PENGARUH BLENDED LEARNING TERHADAP PENGUASAAN KONSEP DAN PENALARAN FISIKA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS X
Hermawanto, Kusairi, S., & Wartono, W. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.15294/jpfi.v9i1.2582 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Actively Open-Minded Thinking and Its Measurement
Stanovich, K. E., & Toplak, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11020027 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wagering the future: Cognitive distortions, impulsivity, delay discounting, and time perspective in adolescent gambling
Cosenza, M., & Nigro, G. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.015 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Gambling Problems and Alexithymia: A Systematic Review
Marchetti, D., Verrocchio, M. C., & Porcelli, P. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080191 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Strategic and non‐strategic problem gamblers differ on decision‐making under risk and ambiguity
Lorains, F. K., Dowling, N. A., Enticott, P. G., Bradshaw, J. L., Trueblood, J. S., & Stout, J. C. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12494 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Knowledge and Beliefs About Gambling in Australian Secondary School Students and their Implications for Education Strategies
Delfabbro, P., Lambos, C., King, D. L., & Puglies, S. (2009) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9141-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Real‐World Correlates of Performance on Heuristics and Biases Tasks in a Community Sample
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1973 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Four converging measures of temporal discounting and their relationships with intelligence, executive functions, thinking dispositions, and behavioral outcomes
Basile, A. G., & Toplak, M. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00728 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of impulsivity, reinforcement sensitivity, and cognitive style on Pathological Gambling symptoms among frequent slot machine players
Maclaren, V. V., Fugelsang, J., Harrigan, K., & Dixon, M. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.044 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Assessing university students’ critical online reasoning ability: a conceptual and assessment framework with preliminary evidence
Molerov, D., Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia, O., Nagel, M.-T., Brückner, S., Schmidt, S., & Shavelson, R. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.577843 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A framework for critical thinking, rational thinking, and intelligence.
Stanovich, K. E., & Stanovich, P. J. (2010) · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Measurement of Individual Differences in Cognitive Biases: A Review and Improvement
Berthet, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630177 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The blurred future of adolescent gamblers: Impulsivity, time horizon, and emotional distress
Nigro, G., Cosenza, M., & Ciccarelli, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00486 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Working memory capacity and cognitive styles in decision-making
Fletcher, J., Marks, A. D. G., & Hine, D. W. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Risk-Taking, Delay Discounting, and Time Perspective in Adolescent Gamblers: An Experimental Study
Cosenza, M., Griffiths, M. D., Nigro, G., & Ciccarelli, M. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9623-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gambling-Related Distortions and Problem Gambling in Adolescents: A Model to Explain Mechanisms and Develop Interventions
Donati, M. A., Chiesi, F., Iozzi, A., Manfredi, A., Fagni, F., & Primi, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02243 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Developmental changes in probabilistic reasoning: The role of cognitive capacity, instructions, thinking styles, and relevant knowledge
Chiesi, F., Primi, C., & Morsanyi, K. (2011) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2011.598401 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Measuring Individual Differences in Decision Biases: Methodological Considerations
Aczél, B., Bagó, B., Szollosi, A., Foldes, A., & Lukács, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01770 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Intelligence and Rationality
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.040 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationships between executive function, working memory, and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task: Evidence from ventromedial patients, dorsolateral patients, and normal subjects.
Ouerchefani, R., Ouerchefani, N., Allain, P., Rejeb, M. R. B., & Gall, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12156 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Loss-Chasing, Alexithymia, and Impulsivity in a Gambling Task: Alexithymia as a Precursor to Loss-Chasing Behavior When Gambling
Bibby, P. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
On Finding the C in CBT: The Challenges of Applying Gambling-Related Cognitive Approaches to Video-Gaming
Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9416-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Heuristics and biases: interactions among numeracy, ability, and reflectiveness predict normative responding
Klaczynski, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00665 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Reward Preferences of Pathological Gamblers Under Conditions of Uncertainty: An Experimental Study
Ciccarelli, M., Malinconico, R., Griffiths, M., Nigro, G., & Cosenza, M. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9593-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Undergraduate Students’ Critical Online Reasoning—Process Mining Analysis
Schmidt, S., Zlatkin‐Troitschanskaia, O., Roeper, J., Klose, V., Weber, M., Bültmann, A.-K., & Brückner, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576273 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Time Perspectives and Gambling in Adolescent Boys: Differential Effects of Present- and Future-Orientation
Donati, M. A., Sottili, E., Morsanyi, K., & Primi, C. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9780-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The mediating effect of reflective-analytic cognitive style on rational thought
Viator, R. E., Harp, N. L., Rinaldo, S. B., & Marquardt, B. B. (2019) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2019.1634151 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Intelligence, Executive Functions, and Decision Making as Predictors of Antisocial Behavior in an Adolescent Sample of Justice-Involved Youth and a Community Comparison Group
Sorge, G. B., Skilling, T., & Toplak, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1864 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citation
An Eight Component Decision-Making Model for Problem Gambling:A Systems Approach to Stimulate Integrative Research
Nussbaum, D., Honarmand, K., Govoni, R., Kalahani-Bargis, M., Bass, S., Ni, X.-Q., LaForge, K., Burden, A., Romero, K., Basarke, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Is it cognitive effort you measure? Comparing three task paradigms to the Need for Cognition scale
Mækelæ, M. J., Klevjer, K., Westbrook, A., Eby, N. S., Eriksen, R., & Pfuhl, G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290177 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Latent profile analysis of working memory capacity and thinking styles in adults and adolescents
Fletcher, J., Marks, A. D. G., & Hine, D. W. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.11.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The interplay between chasing behavior, time perspective, and gambling severity: An experimental study
Ciccarelli, M., Cosenza, M., Griffiths, M. D., D’Olimpio, F., & Nigro, G. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.29 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Betting on Illusory Patterns: Probability Matching in Habitual Gamblers
Gaissmaier, W., Wilke, A., Scheibehenne, B., McCanney, P., & Barrett, H. C. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9539-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Expertise and Gambling: Using Type 2 Signal Detection Theory to Investigate Differences between Regular Gamblers and Nongamblers
Lueddeke, S. E., & Higham, P. A. (2011) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.584631 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thinking disposition education improves cognitive reflection: Experimental results from an intervention study
Orona, G. A., & Trautwein, U. (2024) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101569 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
How to Think Rationally about World Problems
Stanovich, K. E. (2018) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence6020025 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Optimizing large-scale gambling prevention with adolescents through the development and evaluation of a training course for health professionals: The case of PRIZE
Donati, M. A., Boncompagni, J., Sareri, G. I., Ridolfi, S., Iozzi, A., Cocci, V., Arena, A., & Primi, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0266825 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Education for Rational Thought
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139048224.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
How learning misconceptions can improve outcomes and youth engagement with gambling education programs
Keen, B., Anjoul, F., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.56 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Intuition in Mathematical and Probabilistic Reasoning
Morsanyi, K., & Szűcs, D. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.016 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
College Students' Awareness of Irrational Judgments on Gambling Tasks: A Dual-Process Account
Amsel, E. A., Close, J., Sadler, E., & Klaczynski, P. A. (2009) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.143.3.293-317 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Moderating effect of alexithymia between problem gambling and psychotic experiences in university students
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Ghrissi, F., Stambouli, M., Hakiri, A., Loch, A. A., Cheour, M., & Hallit, S. R. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05472-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Is Self-Reported Propensity for Everyday Illusions of Control Higher in Gamblers and Is It Associated With Gambling-Specific Erroneous Beliefs?
Delfabbro, P., Georgiou, N., Malvaso, C., & King, D. L. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019899436 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Prevention of Adolescent Problem Gambling Through Probabilistic Reasoning: Evidence of the Intervention’s Efficacy
Primi, C., & Donati, M. A. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/s42330-022-00229-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Attitudes, beliefs and impulsivity in online gambling addiction
Trivedi, R. H., & Teichert, T. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2018.1466188 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An Expert Map of Gambling Risk Perception
Spurrier, M., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Rhodes, P. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9486-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Understanding the relationship between pathological gambling and gambling-related cognition scores: the role of alcohol use disorder and delusion proneness
Abdollahnejad, R., Delfabbro, P., & Denson, L. A. (2014) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2014.886711 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hungry Ghosts Eat Casino Chips: Associations Between Dispositional Greed and Gambling
Weller, J. A., Zeelenberg, M., & Summers, B. A. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251315200 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Maladaptive personality traits and thinking styles among adolescent regular gamblers: A moderator mediation model
Pace, U., & Passanisi, A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.030 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Personality Disorders and Erroneous Beliefs in Pathological Gambling
Abdollahnejad, R., Delfabbro, P., & Denson, L. A. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9535-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cognitive Predictors of Delay Discounting in Monetary Choices
Bačová, V., & Šrol, J. (2021) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.31577/sp.2021.02.817 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lateral orbitofrontal cortex encodes presence of risk and subjective risk preference during decision-making
Gabriel, D. B. K., Havugimana, F., Liley, A. E., Aguilar, I. D., Yeasin, M., & Simon, N. W. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf146 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gambling-Specific Cognitions Are Not Associated With Either Abstract or Probabilistic Reasoning: A Dual Frequentist-Bayesian Analysis of Individuals With and Without Gambling Disorder
Muela, I., Navas, J. F., & Perales, J. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611784 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The relationship between time perspective and financial risk tolerance in young adults
Ryack, K. N., & Sheikh, A. (2016) · Financial Services Review · doi:10.61190/fsr.v25i2.3218 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Moderating Effect of Impulsivity on the Association Between Entrapment and Problem Gambling
Awo, L. O., Amazue, L. O., & Agha, C. O. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10047-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Testing the validity and reliability of the Matching Familiar Figures Test-2021: An updated behavioral measure of reflection–impulsivity
Viator, R. E., Wu, Y., & Viator, A. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977808 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Executive Function in Problem Gamblers with and without History of Depression
Ellis, J. D., Carr, M. M., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9804-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thinking Disposition Education Improves Cognitive Reflection: Experimental Results from Two Intervention StudiesPreprint
Orona, G. A., & Trautwein, U. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bw38e · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Intelligence and Rationality
Stanovich, K. E., Toplak, M. E., & West, R. F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.047 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Play dynamics on electronic gaming machines: A conceptual review
Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Interplay Among Knowledge, Cognitive Abilities and Thinking Styles in Probabilistic Reasoning: A Test of a Model
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Teleological reasoning bias is predicted by pupil dynamics: Evidence for the extensive integration account of bias in reasoning
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Authors: Toplak, M. E., Liu, E., Macpherson, R., Toneatto, T., & Stanovich, K. E.
Affiliations: York University (CA)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author: Toplak, Maggie E.
ORCID: Toplak, Maggie E.
Toneatto, Tony
Stanovich, Keith E.
Venue: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-09-22
Volume: 20
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-124
ISSN: 0894-3257 (ISSN-L)
1099-0771
DOI: 10.1002/bdm.544
OpenAlex: W1977697135
Cited by: 103
References: 146
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 2.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Keywords: problem gambling, gambling addiction, cognitive failure, dual-process theory, autonomous systems, mindware, cognitive control, reasoning skills, thinking dispositions

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The reasoning skills and thinking dispositions of problem gamblers: a dual‐process taxonomy

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