Neuropil distribution in the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees
Open accessAbstract
Increased connectivity of high‐order association regions in the neocortex has been proposed as a defining feature of human brain evolution. At present, however, there are limited comparative data to examine this claim fully. We tested the hypothesis that the distribution of neuropil across areas of the neocortex of humans differs from that of one of our closest living relatives, the common chimpanzee. The neuropil provides a proxy measure of total connectivity within a local region because it is composed mostly of dendrites, axons, and synapses. Using image analysis techniques, we quantified the neuropil fraction from both hemispheres in six cytoarchitectonically defined regions including frontopolar cortex (area 10), Broca's area (area 45), frontoinsular cortex (area FI), primary motor cortex (area 4), primary auditory cortex (area 41/42), and the planum temporale (area 22). Our results demonstrate that humans exhibit a unique distribution of neuropil in the neocortex compared to chimpanzees. In particular, the human frontopolar cortex and the frontoinsular cortex had a significantly higher neuropil fraction than the other areas. In chimpanzees these prefrontal regions did not display significantly more neuropil, but the primary auditory cortex had a lower neuropil fraction than other areas. Our results support the conclusion that enhanced connectivity in the prefrontal cortex accompanied the evolution of the human brain. These species differences in neuropil distribution may offer insight into the neural basis of human cognition, reflecting enhancement of the integrative capacity of the prefrontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2917–2929, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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The derived pattern of prefrontal white matter evolution in humans aligns with recent work on prefrontal neuropil distribution supporting the conclusion that enhanced connectivity in the prefrontal cortex accompanied the evolution of the human brain.
“The derived pattern of prefrontal white matter evolution in humans aligns with recent work on prefrontal neuropil distribution supporting the conclusion that enhanced connectivity in the prefrontal cortex accompanied the evolution of the human brain [52].”
From Brain reorganization, not relative brain size, primarily characterizes anthropoid brain evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [52]
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Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., B�rgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H. B. M., & Zilles, K. (1999) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990920)412:2
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evolution of the Human Nervous System Function, Structure, and Development
Sousa, A. M. M., Meyer, K. A., Santpere, G., Gulden, F. O., & Sestan, N. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.036 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Atzil, S., Gao, W., Fradkin, I., & Barrett, L. F. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0384-6 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Jelescu, I. O., de Skowronski, A., Geffroy, F., Palombo, M., & Novikov, D. S. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119277 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Bianchi, S., Stimpson, C. D., Duka, T., Larsen, M. D., Janssen, W. G. M., Collins, Z., Bauernfeind, A. L., Schapiro, S. J., Baze, W. B., McArthur, M. J., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301224110 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationDiffusion time dependence, power‐law scaling, and exchange in gray matter
Olesen, J. L., Østergaard, L., Shemesh, N., & Jespersen, S. N. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118976 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Brain reorganization, not relative brain size, primarily characterizes anthropoid brain evolution
Smaers, J. B., & Soligo, C. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0269 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Aerobic glycolysis in the primate brain: Reconsidering the implications for growth and maintenance
Bauernfeind, A. L., Barks, S. K., Duka, T., Grossman, L. I., Hof, P. R., & Sherwood, C. C. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0662-z · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPerez, S. E., Raghanti, M. A., Hof, P. R., Kramer, L., Ikonomovic, M. D., Lacor, P. N., Erwin, J. M., Sherwood, C. C., & Mufson, E. J. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23428 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…that this neuroplasticity arose from selective alterations in the neuronal cytoskeleton (Di Patre, 1991), the neuropil (Semendeferi et al., 2011; Spocter et al., 2012), microstructure and connections (Krubitzer, 2007; Sherwood et al., 2011, 2008), as well as epigenetic (Zeng et al., 2012) or…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHuman evolution: the non-coding revolution
Franchini, L. F., & Pollard, K. S. (2017) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0428-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Muntané, G., Horvath, J. E., Hof, P. R., Ely, J. J., Hopkins, W. D., Raghanti, M. A., Lewandowski, A. H., Wray, G. A., & Sherwood, C. C. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht354 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationTian, Y., Johnson, G. A., Williams, R. W., & White, L. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1223226 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Theriault (n.d.) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pkzr8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
- Authors
- Spocter, M. A., Hopkins, W. D., Barks, S. K., Bianchi, S., Hehmeyer, A. E., Anderson, S. M., Stimpson, C. D., Fobbs, A. J., Hof, P. R., & Sherwood, C. C.
- Affiliations
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Emory National Primate Research Center (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sherwood, Chet C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Comparative Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-07-07
- Volume
- 520
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2917-2929
- ISSN
- 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-9861
- PMC
- PMC3556724
- OpenAlex
- W2087064892
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 12.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS42867, R01NS073134, R01NS042867)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- human brain evolution, chimpanzees, cerebral cortex, prefrontal cortex, frontopolar cortex, frontoinsular cortex, Broca's area, primary auditory cortex, planum temporale, primary motor cortex, cortical connectivity, neocortex, cytoarchitecture
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Pan troglodytes, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Neuropil, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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