Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: Implications for cognitive processing
Abstract
The biological underpinnings of human intelligence remain enigmatic. There remains the greatest confusion and controversy regarding mechanisms that enable humans to conceptualize, plan, and prioritize, and why they are set apart from other animals in their cognitive abilities. Here we demonstrate that the basic neuronal building block of the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cell, is characterized by marked differences in structure among primate species. Moreover, comparison of the complexity of neuron structure with the size of the cortical area/region in which the cells are located revealed that trends in the granular prefrontal cortex (gPFC) were dramatically different to those in visual cortex. More specifically, pyramidal cells in the gPFC of humans had a disproportionately high number of spines. As neuron structure determines both its biophysical properties and connectivity, differences in the complexity in dendritic structure observed here endow neurons with different computational abilities. Furthermore, cortical circuits composed of neurons with distinguishable morphologies will likely be characterized by different functional capabilities. We propose that 1. circuitry in V1, V2, and gPFC within any given species differs in its functional capabilities and 2. there are dramatic differences in the functional capabilities of gPFC circuitry in different species, which are central to the different cognitive styles of primates. In particular, the highly branched, spinous neurons in the human gPFC may be a key component of human intelligence. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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These are the circuits that have expanded most in mammalian evolution, with increasing numbers of basal dendrites and spines.
“These are the circuits that have expanded most in mammalian evolution, with increasing numbers of basal dendrites and spines9.”
From Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
This huge increase in dendritic spines allows the extraordinary number of neural connections needed for high-order cognition.
“This huge increase in dendritic spines allows the extraordinary number of neural connections needed for high-order cognition, where representations of representations expand the repertoire of cognitive abilities9.”
From Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
Comparative studies of pyramidal neurons in granular prefrontal cortex have shown that human neurons display much larger dendritic arbors and more spines than those in primates with smaller brains (although hominoids have not yet been studied).
“Comparative studies of pyramidal neurons in granular prefrontal cortex have shown that human neurons display much larger dendritic arbors and more spines than those in primates with smaller brains (although hominoids have not yet been studied) (25).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Elston, G. N., Benavides‐Piccione, R., Elston, A., Zietsch, B., Defelipe, J., Manger, P., Casagrande, V., & Kaas, J. H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Instituto Cajal (ES)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Elston, Guy N.
- Venue
- The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-12-08
- Volume
- 288A
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 26-35
- ISSN
- 1552-4884 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4892
- OpenAlex
- W2133613191
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Anatomical Record Part A Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- National Eye Institute (R01EY002686)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS016446)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- pyramidal neurons, dendritic spines, neuronal morphology, primate brain evolution, human intelligence, visual cortex, cortical circuits, cognitive ability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Aotus trivirgatus, Callithrix, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cognition, Humans, Macaca fascicularis, Primates, Strepsirhini, Visual Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex, Pyramidal Cells, Papio ursinus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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