A neuronal morphologic type unique to humans and great apes
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We report the existence and distribution of an unusual type of projection neuron, a large, spindle-shaped cell, in layer Vb of the anterior cingulate cortex of pongids and hominids. These spindle cells were not observed in any other primate species or any other mammalian taxa, and their volume was correlated with brain volume residuals, a measure of encephalization in higher primates. These observations are of particular interest when considering primate neocortical evolution, as they reveal possible adaptive changes and functional modifications over the last 15–20 million years in the anterior cingulate cortex, a region that plays a major role in the regulation of many aspects of autonomic function and of certain cognitive processes. That in humans these unique neurons have been shown previously to be severely affected in the degenerative process of Alzheimer’s disease suggests that some of the differential neuronal susceptibility that occurs in the human brain in the course of age-related dementing illnesses may have appeared only recently during primate evolution.
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Von Economo neurons are consistently affected in ASD and are present almost exclusively in the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices.
“a particular population of distinct neurons, the von Economo neurons (VENs), present almost exclusively in the frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) have been found to be consistently affected in ASD [4, 104, 256, 258].”
From Autism spectrum disorder: neuropathology and animal models (2017) · cites this paper as [256]
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von Economo neurons in autism: A stereologic study of the frontoinsular cortex in children
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Self-citationTotal number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans
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Self-citationNeuropil distribution in the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees
Spocter, M. A., Hopkins, W. D., Barks, S. K., Bianchi, S., Hehmeyer, A. E., Anderson, S. M., Stimpson, C. D., Fobbs, A. J., Hof, P. R., & Sherwood, C. C. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23074 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationIs this a brain which I see before me? Modeling human neural development with pluripotent stem cells
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Von Economo neurons are present in the dorsolateral (dysgranular) prefrontal cortex of humans
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Alexithymia in healthy women: a brain morphology study
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Neural correlates of a 'pessimistic' attitude when anticipating events of unknown emotional valence
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Will studies of macaque insula reveal the neural mechanisms of self-awareness?
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Selective reduction of Von Economo neuron number in agenesis of the corpus callosum
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Self-citationNeuropathology of the Anterior Midcingulate Cortex in Young Children With Autism
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Self-citationA Subtype of Inhibitory Interneuron with Intrinsic Persistent Activity in Human and Monkey Neocortex
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Self-citationMirror self-recognition and its relationship to social cognition in chimpanzees
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Kalsi, N., Altavilla, D., Tambelli, R., Aceto, P., Trentini, C., Di Giorgio, C., & Lai, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00927 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nimchinsky, E. A., Gilissen, E., Allman, J. M., Perl, D. P., Erwin, J. M., & Hof, P. R.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1999-04-27
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 5268-5273
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC21853
- OpenAlex
- W2001597020
- Cited by
- 494
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 21.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Strong
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ey011759-05, AG14308)
- National Institute on Aging (R44AG014308)
- National Eye Institute (EY11759)
- National Cancer Institute (CA/MH08944)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- anterior cingulate cortex, encephalization, Hominidae, great apes, pongids, Alzheimer's disease, human evolution
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Cell Differentiation, Biological Evolution, Humans, Neurons, Hominidae, Neocortex
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