The DOI matches its Crossref record; 84 of the 84 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ZnO: Material, Physics and Applications
Abstract
ZnO is presently experiencing a research boom with more than 2000 ZnO‐related publications in 2005. This phenomenon is triggered, for example, by hope to use ZnO as a material for blue/UV optoelectronics as an alternative to GaN, as a cheap, transparent, conducting oxide, as a material for electronic circuits that are transparent in the visible or for semiconductor spintronics. Currently, however, the main problem is to achieve high, reproducible and stable p‐doping. Herein, we critically review aspects of the material growth, fundamental properties of ZnO and ZnO‐based nanostructures and doping as well as present and future applications with emphasis on the electronic and optical properties including stimulated emission.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices
Özgür, Ü., Alivov, Y. I., Liu, C., Teke, A., Reshchikov, M. A., Doğan, S., Avrutin, V., Cho, S.-J., & Morkoç, H. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1992666 · Cited by 11,463
Room-Temperature Ultraviolet Nanowire Nanolasers
Huang, M. H., Mao, S., Feick, H., Yan, H., Wu, Y., Kind, H., Weber, E., Russo, R., & Yang, P. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060367 · Cited by 8,923
Zener Model Description of Ferromagnetism in Zinc-Blende Magnetic Semiconductors
Dietl, T., Ohno, H., Matsukura, F., Cibert, J., & Ferrand, D. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5455.1019 · Cited by 7,712
Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications
Wang, Z. L. (2004) · Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/16/25/r01 · Cited by 3,692
Hydrogen as a Cause of Doping in Zinc Oxide
Van de Walle, C. G. (2000) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.1012 · Cited by 2,212
Optically pumped lasing of ZnO at room temperature
Bagnall, D. M., Chen, Y. F., Zhu, Z., Yao, T., Koyama, S., Shen, M. Y., & Goto, T. (1997) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.118824 · Cited by 2,200
Correlation between photoluminescence and oxygen vacancies in ZnO phosphors
Vanheusden, K., Seager, C. H., Warren, W. L., Tallant, D. R., & Voigt, J. A. (1996) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.116699 · Cited by 2,012
Thin-Film Transistor Fabricated in Single-Crystalline Transparent Oxide Semiconductor
Nomura, K., Ohta, H., Ueda, K., Kamiya, T., Hirano, M., & Hosono, H. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083212 · Cited by 1,884
Intrinsic n-type versus p-type doping asymmetry and the defect physics of ZnO
Zhang, S. B., Wei, S.-H., & Zunger, A. (2001) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.63.075205 · Cited by 1,819
Ferromagnetism above room temperature in bulk and transparent thin films of Mn-doped ZnO
Sharma, P., Gupta, A., Rao, K. V., Owens, F. J., Sharma, R., Ahuja, R., Guillen, J. M. O., Johansson, B., & Gehring, G. A. (2003) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat984 · Cited by 1,757
First-principles study of native point defects in ZnO
Kohan, A. F., Ceder, G., Morgan, D., & Van de Walle, C. G. (2000) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.61.15019 · Cited by 1,682
Stable and highly sensitive gas sensors based on semiconducting oxide nanobelts
Comini, E., Faglia, G., Sberveglieri, G., Pan, Z., & Wang, Z. L. (2002) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1504867 · Cited by 1,459
ZnO-based transparent thin-film transistors
Hoffman, R. L., Norris, B. J., & Wager, J. F. (2003) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1542677 · Cited by 1,397
Synthesis and Growth of ZnO Nanoparticles
Meulenkamp, E. A. (1998) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp980730h · Cited by 1,301
Universal alignment of hydrogen levels in semiconductors, insulators and solutions
Van de Walle, C. G., & Neugebauer, J. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01665 · Cited by 1,250
Origin of p-type doping difficulty in ZnO: The impurity perspective
Park, C. H., Zhang, S. B., & Wei, S.-H. (2002) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.66.073202 · Cited by 1,159
Fabrication of green and orange photoluminescent, undoped ZnO films using spray pyrolysis
Studenikin, S. A., Golego, N., & Cocivera, M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.368295 · Cited by 1,050
Electrical properties of bulk ZnO
Look, D. C., REYNOLDS, D. C., Sizelove, J. R., et al. (1998) · Solid State Communications · doi:10.1016/s0038-1098(97)10145-4 · Cited by 865
First principles materials design for semiconductor spintronics
Sato, K., & Katayama-Yoshida, H. (2002) · Semiconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0268-1242/17/4/309 · Cited by 846
ZnO nanorods: synthesis, characterization and applications
Yi, G.-C., Wang, C., & Park, W. I. (2005) · Semiconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0268-1242/20/4/003 · Cited by 840
ZnO nanowire field-effect transistor and oxygen sensing property
Fan, Z., Wang, D., Chang, P.-C., Tseng, W.-Y., & Lu, J. G. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1836870 · Cited by 814
The exciton spectrum of zinc oxide
Thomas, D. G. (1960) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90104-9 · Cited by 803
Semiconductor Nanowires: From Self‐Organization to Patterned Growth
Fan, H. J., Werner, P., & Zacharias, M. (2006) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.200500495 · Cited by 759
Electroluminescence in n‐ZnO Nanorod Arrays Vertically Grown on p‐GaN
Park, W. I., & Yi, G. ‐. (2004) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200305729 · Cited by 714
Liu, X., Wu, X., Cao, H., & Chang, R. P. H. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1646440 · Cited by 704
Dingle, R. (1969) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.23.579 · Cited by 683
Schwartz, D. A., Norberg, N. S., Nguyen, Q. P., Parker, J. M., & Gamelin, D. R. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja036811v · Cited by 652
Optical Cavity Effects in ZnO Nanowire Lasers and Waveguides
Johnson, J. C., Yan, H., Yang, P., & Saykally, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp034482n · Cited by 630
Realization of p-type ZnO thin films via phosphorus doping and thermal activation of the dopant
Kim, K., Kim, H., Hwang, D., Lim, J., & Park, S.-J. (2003) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1591064 · Cited by 625
The Luminescence of ZnO under High One‐ and Two‐Quantum Excitation
Klingshirn, C. F. (1975) · physica status solidi (b) · doi:10.1002/pssb.2220710216 · Cited by 598
Self-citationDjurišić, A. B., Leung, Y. H., Tam, K. H., Ding, L., Ge, W. K., Chen, H. Y., & Gwo, S. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2182096 · Cited by 579
Optical properties of highly excited direct gap semiconductors
Klingshirn, C., & Haug, H. (1981) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/0370-1573(81)90190-3 · Cited by 545
Self-citationMasuda, S., Kitamura, K., Okumura, Y., Miyatake, S., Tabata, H., & Kawai, T. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1534627 · Cited by 534
Fine structure in the optical absorption edge of anisotropic crystals
Hopfdeld, J. J. (1960) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90105-0 · Cited by 524
Ultraviolet lasing in resonators formed by scattering in semiconductor polycrystalline films
Cao, H., Zhao, Y. G., Ong, H. C., Ho, S. T., Dai, J. Y., Wu, J. Y., & Chang, R. P. H. (1998) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.122853 · Cited by 504
Highly monodisperse polymer-capped ZnO nanoparticles: Preparation and optical properties
Guo, L., Yang, S., Yang, C., Yu, P., Wang, J., Ge, W., & Wong, G. K. (2000) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.126511 · Cited by 493
The future of ZnO light emitters
Look, D. C., Claflin, B., Alivov, Y. I., & Park, S. J. (2004) · physica status solidi (a) · doi:10.1002/pssa.200404803 · Cited by 476
Rudnik, E. (2008) · Compostable Polymer Materials · doi:10.1016/b978-008045371-2.50005-6 · Cited by 468
HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE AND ZINC SULFIDE1
Laudise, R. A., & Ballman, A. A. (1960) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100834a511 · Cited by 447
Band parameters of semiconductors with zincblende, wurtzite, and germanium structure
Cardona, M. (1963) · Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids · doi:10.1016/0022-3697(63)90097-0 · Cited by 442
Compensation mechanism for N acceptors in ZnO
Lee, E.-C., Kim, Y.-S., Jin, Y.-G., & Chang, K. J. (2001) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.64.085120 · Cited by 388
Hall Effect Studies of Doped Zinc Oxide Single Crystals
Hutson, A. R. (1957) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.108.222 · Cited by 361
Quantum Confinement Observed in ZnO/ZnMgO Nanorod Heterostructures
Park, W. I., Yi, G. ‐., Kim, M. Y., & Pennycook, S. J. (2003) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.200390122 · Cited by 355
Temperature-dependent shifts of three emission bands for ZnO nanoneedle arrays
Cao, B., Cai, W., & Zeng, H. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2195694 · Cited by 326
Spectroscopic and structural characterization of electrochemically grown ZnO quantum dots
Mahamuni, S., Borgohain, K., Bendre, B. S., Leppert, V. J., & Risbud, S. H. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.369049 · Cited by 320
Electronic Processes in Zinc Oxide
Heiland, G., Mollwo, E., & Stöckmann, F. (1959) · Solid State Physics · doi:10.1016/s0081-1947(08)60481-6 · Cited by 306
Whispering Gallery Modes in Nanosized Dielectric Resonators with Hexagonal Cross Section
Nobis, T., Kaidashev, E. M., Rahm, A., Lorenz, M., & Grundmann, M. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.103903 · Cited by 305
Deep-level emissions influenced by O and Zn implantations in ZnO
Zhao, Q. X., Klason, P., Willander, M., Zhong, H. M., Lu, W., & Yang, J. H. (2005) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2135880 · Cited by 294
ZnO nanoneedles with tip surface perturbations: Excellent field emitters
Li, Y. B., Bando, Y., & Golberg, D. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1738174 · Cited by 275
Valence-band ordering and magneto-optic exciton fine structure in ZnO
Lambrecht, W. R. L., Rodina, A. V., Limpijumnong, S., Segall, B., & Meyer, B. K. (2002) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.65.075207 · Cited by 275
The dispersion of excitons, polaritons and biexcitons in direct-gap semiconductors
Hönerlage, B., Lévy, R., Grun, J. B., Klingshirn, C., & Bohnert, K. (1985) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/0370-1573(85)90025-0 · Cited by 261
Self-citationKahn, M. L., Monge, M., Collière, V., Senocq, F., Maisonnat, A., & Chaudret, B. (2005) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.200400113 · Cited by 244
Random laser action in ZnO nanorod arrays embedded in ZnO epilayers
Yu, S. F., Yuen, C., Lau, S. P., Park, W. I., & Yi, G.-C. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1734681 · Cited by 223
p-type behavior in phosphorus-doped (Zn,Mg)O device structures
Heo, Y. W., Kwon, Y. W., Li, Y., Pearton, S. J., & Norton, D. P. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1737795 · Cited by 203
Zinc Oxide — A Material for Micro- and Optoelectronic Applications
(2005) · NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.1007/1-4020-3475-x · Cited by 201
Gallium concentration dependence of room-temperature near-band-edge luminescence in n-type ZnO:Ga
Makino, T., Segawa, Y., Yoshida, S., Tsukazaki, A., Ohtomo, A., & Kawasaki, M. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1776630 · Cited by 189
Chen, Y., Tuan, N. T., Segawa, Y., Ko, H.-J., Hong, S.-K., & Yao, T. (2001) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1355665 · Cited by 185
Ultrasensitive DNA sequence detection using nanoscale ZnO sensor arrays
Kumar, N., Dorfman, A., & Hahm, J.-I. (2006) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/12/009 · Cited by 183
Rapid synthesis of stable ZnO quantum dots
Mädler, L., Stark, W. J., & Pratsinis, S. E. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1518132 · Cited by 164
Visible photoluminescence in ZnO tetrapod and multipod structures
Djurišić, A. B., Leung, Y. H., Choy, W. C. H., Cheah, K. W., & Chan, W. K. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1695633 · Cited by 161
Electroluminescence from ZnO nanorods with an n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction structure
Sun, H., Zhang, Q.-F., & Wu, J.-L. (2006) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/033 · Cited by 160
Random lasers with coherent feedback
Cao, H. W., Xu, J. Y., Ling, Y., Burin, A. L., Seeling, E. W., Liu, X., & Chang, R. P. H. (2003) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2002.807975 · Cited by 148
Sun, H., Makino, T., Tuan, N. T., et al. (2000) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1333687 · Cited by 137
Jedrecy, N., von Bardeleben, H. J., Zheng, Y. J., & Cantin, J. L. (2004) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.69.041308 · Cited by 129
Tampo, H., Shibata, H., Matsubara, K., Yamada, A., Fons, P., Niki, S., Yamagata, M., & Kanie, H. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2357588 · Cited by 128
ULTRAVIOLET ZnO LASER PUMPED BY AN ELECTRON BEAM
Nicoll, F. H. (1966) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1754578 · Cited by 128
Lasing Mechanism of ZnO Nanowires/Nanobelts at Room Temperature
Zou, Liu, R., Wang, F., Pan, A., Cao, L., & Wang, Z. L. (2006) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp061357d · Cited by 127
Probing the Wave Function of Shallow Li and Na Donors in ZnO Nanoparticles
Orlinskiĭ, S. B., Schmidt, J., Baranov, P. G., Hofmann, D. M., Donegá, C. D. M., & Meijerink, A. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.92.047603 · Cited by 123
Fabrication of stable wide-band-gap ZnO/MgO multilayer thin films
Bhattacharya, P., Das, R. R., & Katiyar, R. S. (2003) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1609250 · Cited by 119
Quantum efficiency of ZnO nanowire nanolasers
Zhang, Y., Russo, R. E., & Mao, S. S. (2005) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2001754 · Cited by 113
Self-assembled ZnO quantum dots with tunable optical properties
Lü, J., Ye, Z. Z., Zhang, Y. Z., Liang, Q. L., Fujita, S., & Wang, Z. L. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2221892 · Cited by 110
Stimulated Intrinsic Recombination Processes in II–VI Compounds
Koch, S. W., Haug, H., Schmieder, G., Bohnert, W., & Klingshirn, C. F. (1978) · physica status solidi (b) · doi:10.1002/pssb.2220890212 · Cited by 102
Self-citationHauschild, R., & Kalt, H. (2006) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2354427 · Cited by 76
Comparative study of Mg doped ZnO and multilayer ZnO/MgO thin films
Bhattacharya, P., Das, R. R., & Katiyar, R. S. (2003) · Thin Solid Films · doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2003.07.017 · Cited by 66
Evidence for Indirect Annihilation of Free Excitons in II-VI Semiconductor Lasers
Packard, J. R., Campbell, D. A., & Tait, W. C. (1967) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1709310 · Cited by 65
Time-resolved study of stimulated emission in ZnO tetrapod nanowires
Leung, Y. H., Kwok, W., Djurišić, A. B., Phillips, D. L., & Chan, W. K. (2005) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/16/4/040 · Cited by 59
Extrinsic origin of ferromagnetism in doped ZnO
Blasco, J., Bartolomé, F., García, L. M., & García, J. (2006) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b518418e · Cited by 55
On the room temperature ferromagnetism of Mn doped ZnO
Jayakumar, O. D., Gopalakrishnan, I. K., & Kulshrestha, S. K. (2006) · Physica B Condensed Matter · doi:10.1016/j.physb.2006.01.012 · Cited by 47
Johnston, W. D. (1971) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1660614 · Cited by 39
Chichibu, S. F., Ohmori, T., Shibata, N., Koyama, T., & Onuma, T. (2004) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.1818333 · Cited by 35
Stimulated Emission and Excited States of the I6 Donor Electron in ZnO
Goto, T., & Langer, D. W. (1971) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1659893 · Cited by 25
Tunable laser-emission from Wurtzite-type II–VI compounds
Wünstel, W., & Klingshirn, C. F. (1980) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/0030-4018(80)90122-4 · Cited by 22
Self-citationTirado-Guerra, S., Olvera, M. D. L. L., Maldonado, A., & Castañeda, L. (2006) · Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells · doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2006.03.006 · Cited by 21
Materials for spintronic: Room temperature ferromagnetism in Zn–Mn–O interfaces
Quesada, A., García, M. Á., Crespo, P., et al. (2006) · Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.02.111 · Cited by 13
Cited by
The Role of Ligands in the Chemical Synthesis and Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Heuer-Jungemann, A., Feliu, N., Bakaimi, I., Hamaly, M., Alkilany, A., Chakraborty, I., Masood, A., Casula, M. F., Kostopoulou, A., Oh, E., et al. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00733 · Cited by 1,279
Zinc oxide particles: Synthesis, properties and applications
Moezzi, A., McDonagh, A. M., & Cortie, M. B. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.076 · Cited by 815
Applied photoelectrocatalysis on the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewaters
Garcia-Segura, S., & Brillas, E. (2017) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.01.005 · Cited by 770
Pham, P. V., Bodepudi, S. C., Shehzad, K., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Yu, B., & Duan, X. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00735 · Cited by 708
Willander, M., Nur, O., Zhao, Q. X., Yang, L. L., Lorenz, M., Cao, B. Q., Zúñiga Pérez, J., Czekalla, C., Zimmermann, G., Grundmann, M., et al. (2009) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/20/33/332001 · Cited by 631
Metadata
- Authors
- Klingshirn, C.
- Venue
- ChemPhysChem
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-04-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 782-803
- ISSN
- 1439-4235 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-7641
- OpenAlex
- W2099818819
- Cited by
- 953
- References
- 84
- FWCI
- 23.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.