Bioactive substances and potentiality of marine microalgae
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae is one of the most important components in the aquatic ecosystem, and they are increasingly used in food and medicine production for human consumption due to their rapid growth cycle and survival ability in the harsh environment. Now, the exploration of microalgae has been gradually deepening, mainly focused on the field of nutrition, medicine, and cosmetics. A great deal of studies has shown that microalgae have a variety of functions in regulating the body health and preventing disease, such as nitrogen fixation, antitumor, antivirus, antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic. Furthermore, microalgae can synthesize various high-valued bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and pigments. In this paper, we have briefly reviewed the research progress of main bioactive components in microalgae, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments, and other nutrients included, as well as their present application situation. This paper can provide the guidance for research and development of industrial production of microalgae.
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Many existing human studies of microalgae bioactives suffer from small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and a lack of rigorous, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled designs.
“Many existing human studies suffer from small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and a lack of rigorous, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled designs [78].”
From Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion (2025) · cites this paper as [78]
The Conclusion discusses microalgal bioactives and challenges in industrial development, but does not assess the quality of human studies. Searches for sample size, intervention duration, and randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled designs found no passage making the claimed assessment; the References list includes one such trial, which does not establish a general pattern. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Microalgae-Based Biodiesel Production and Its Challenges and Future Opportunities: A Review
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“Both present great biodiversity of species, ranging between 80,000 and 200,000 [11].”
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“Polysaccharides (PS) were discovered in microalgae as cell wall components, with one part found in cells peripheral to the glycocalyx or one of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) [115].”
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Lin, X., Wang, J., Wu, X., Luo, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202211323 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Microalgae Bioactives for Functional Food Innovation and Health Promotion
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Natural metabolites with antioxidant activity from micro-and macro-algae
Esim, N., Dawar, P., Arslan, N. P., Orak, T., Doymus, M., Azad, M. F., Örtücü, S., Albayrak, S., & Taşkın, M. (2024) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105089 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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“Due to their high content of antioxidants and pigments, they can be used in the production of cosmetic products such as anti-aging creams and sunscreens [16,17].”
BackgroundAyub, A., Rahayu, F., Khamidah, A., Antarlina, S. S., Iswari, K., Supriyadi, K., Mufidah, E., Singh, A., Chopra, C., & Wani, A. K. (2025) · Discover Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-025-06916-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Esteves, M. V., Marques, D. M. C., de Almeida, J. D., Faria, N. T., & Ferreira, F. C. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14091522 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“These microorganisms are highly valued for their ability to thrive under varying salinity and temperature conditions while biosynthesizing a wide array of secondary metabolites with value in food, biofuel production, and nutraceuticals [1].”
Trentin, R., Custódio, L. M. B., Rodrigues, M. J., Moschin, E., Sciuto, K., Silva, J. P. D., & Moro, I. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20030207 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Recent developments in genetic engineering, coupled with the enormous biodiversity of microalgae, make this group of organisms one of the most promising sources for new products and applications [4].”
BackgroundGoyal, S., Dhanker, R., Hussain, T., Ferreira, A., Gouveia, L., Kumar, K., & Mohamed, H. I. (2023) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06409-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Algal lipids: A review on current status and future prospects in food processing
Ahmad, S., Singh, A. K., Akram, W., Upadhyay, A., & Abrol, G. S. (2025) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.17618 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Marine natural products for biofouling elimination in marine environments
Ghattavi, S., Homaei, A. A., & Fernandes, P. C. D. B. (2024) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2024.103385 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Algal metabolites: Paving the way towards new generation antidiabetic therapeutics
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Microalgae: revolutionizing skin repair and enhancement
Chinjoo, N., & Golzary, A. (2025) · Biotechnology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.btre.2025.e00911 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The wide range of vitamins present in microalgae makes them a valuable resource for producing natural vitamins suitable for human consumption [44,45].”
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High-Value Bioactive Molecules Extracted from Microalgae
Colarte, C. A., Balic, I., Díaz-Carrasco, O., Moreno, A. A., Amenábar, M. J., Bruna, T., & Fuentes, N. C. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13092018 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“These peptides have the potential to transform sectors such as the medical, cosmetic, and food industries due to their high safety, efficacy, selectivity, and easy digestion, and research in this field is booming [17].”
Ioannou, E., & Labrou, N. E. (2022) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics9050106 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Do, J., Yeo, H.-T., Suh, H., & Yoon, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2023.1056835 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Microalgae can produce various highvalue compounds, including lipids, polysaccharides, pigments, and bioactive products (Michalak and Chojnacka, 2015; Deviram et al., 2020; Castillo et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021).”
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Oslan, S. N. H., Xuan, N. J., Khodzori, F. A., Hakim, B. N. A., Huda, N., Julmohammad, N. B., & Barzkar, N. (2025) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104420 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Martínez, R., García-Beltrán, A., Kapravelou, G., Guzmán, A., Lozano, A., Gómez‐Villegas, P., León, R., Vigara, J., Galisteo, M., Aranda, P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2024.106194 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nonthermal high-pressure microalgae extracts: A new source of natural ingredients for cosmetics
Garcia, M. P., Regueiras, A., Lopes, G., Matos, G., da Silva, L. P., Cerqueira, M. T., Cardoso, H., Correia, N., Saraiva, J. A., Silva, J., et al. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103591 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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The need for smart microalgal bioprospecting
Tirado, J. L., Herdean, A., & Ralph, P. J. (2025) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-024-00487-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Progress in therapeutic applications of microalgae and their bioactive compounds
Geng, X., Qu, J. T., Yin, X., Wang, Q., Li, W., Cui, H., & Qin, S. (2025) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104226 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Tripathy, S., Rout, S., Das, R. S., Tiwari, B. K., García‐Vaquero, M., & Srivastav, P. P. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.108285 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yoon, S., Bay, B., & Matsumoto, K. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30081666 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Besednova, N. N., Andryukov, B. G., Kuznetsova, T. A., Zaporozhets, T. S., Kryzhanovsky, S. P., Ermakova, S. P., & Shchelkanov, M. Y. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.29169/1927-5951.2022.12.05 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bioprospecting for new exopolysaccharide-producing microalgae of marine origin
Concórdio‐Reis, P., David, H., Reis, M. A. M., Amorim, A., & Freitas, F. (2023) · International Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s10123-023-00367-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms found among diverse water bodies, such as freshwater, seawater, and hypersaline waters (Hamidi et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2021).”
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“The experiment showed an increase in phenolic content and an increase in antioxidant activity from the formulated media of FVW. Carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, and polysaccharides are only a few examples of additional beneficial substances that can be produced by microalgae [81].”
Sharma, A. K., Virmani, T., Kumar, G., Singh, H., Mishra, A. K., Bhunia, A., Mohanto, S., Faiyazuddin, M., & Gugulothu, D. B. (2025) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2025.101413 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Phycocyanin, The Microalgae Bio-Treasure
Campos, J., Fernandes, R., & Barros, A. (2024) · Food science and nutrition · doi:10.5772/intechopen.115108 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Microalgae as biobased fertilizers for sustainable agriculture
Samoraj, M., Chojnacka, K., Skrzypczak, D., Mikula, K., Mironiuk, M., & Çalış, D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22127-9.00011-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effect of culture medium composition and reuse on the growth of Porphyridium cruentum
Cáceres-Ferroni, F., Salinas-García, M., Villaró‐Cos, S., Rivera-Sánchez, E., & Lafarga, T. (2025) · New Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.nbt.2025.09.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Natural color biofactories: advancing the spectrum of pigment production in phototrophic microbes
Noreña-Caro, D., Uribe, L. F. P., Morales, M., Canto-Encalada, G., Álvarez-Láinez, M., & Zúñiga, C. (2025) · FEMS Microbes · doi:10.1093/femsmc/xtaf019 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While many of these compounds have achieved successful commercialization, ongoing research is unveiling novel applications of pho-totrophic pigments in preventive healthcare, especially from marine species (Mourelle et al. 2017 , Wu et al. 2021 ).”
Lead biosorption from industrial wastewater using Cladophora
Metwally, A. M., Aly, S. A., Makled, S. O., & Abdelkader, A. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29920-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sarri, J. H., & Elp, M. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103747 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alternative protein sources and healthy skeletal muscle aging: A narrative review
Dai, Z., Zhao, Y., Ke, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, J., Wu, H., Yang, Y., Shang, H., & Xia, Z. (2025) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2025.106990 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chakraborty, S., Paidi, M. K., Udata, K., et al. (2023) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-023-05206-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Nitzschia is one of the most recurrently active in mariculture because of its high protein and carbohydrate content and its high-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) [23].”
Dubey, S. K., Lee, S. S., & Kim, J. (2024) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-024-02575-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marine-derived compounds applied in osteoarthritis: function, challenges and future prospects
Kong, H., Han, J., Bian, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2025.2477204 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Marine-derived compounds refer to sub-stances contained in marine organisms that have an impact on life activities, mainly including polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, peptides, alkaloids, pigments, and other chemical compound (Wu et al. 2021).”
Park, H.-S., Kim, S. M., Kim, J., Choi, W.-Y., Park, E., & Lee, H. (2025) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2025.106987 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Muthu, R., Rajkumar, M., Thamarai, R., Sivasamy, S., Mahendran, K., & Prabhakaran, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2025.1668618 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“According to Wu et al. (2021), these compounds are capable of in fl uencing key cancer-associated signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-kappaB, and MAPK, thereby presenting a multi-targeted therapeutic approach that may address the drawbacks of conventional single-target chemotherapy.”
Pereira, C. S. G. P., Carpena, M., Barreira, J. C. M., Silva, C. F. C., Prieto, M. A., & Oliveira, M. B. P. P. (2025) · Future Foods · doi:10.1016/j.fufo.2025.100866 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Microalgae as a key ingredient in meat analogues
Fernandes, A. S., Schetinger, L. C., Nörnberg, M. L., & do Nascimento, T. C. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99196-4.00046-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Extraction of Bioactive and Nutraceuticals from Marine Sources and Their Application
Rathod, N. B., Reddy, V., Čagalj, M., Šimat, V., Dahal, M., Nirmal, N. P., & Kumar, S. (2024) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3601-5_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lipid extract of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis as a bioactive ingredient
García‐Segovia, P., Uribe-Wandurraga, Z. N., Igual, M., Mullor, J. L., & Martı́nez-Monzó, J. (2024) · Food Science and Technology International · doi:10.1177/10820132241264419 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…are natural sources that could be a sustainable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-in fl ammatory activity (Al-Qahtani and Binobead, 2019; Conde et al., 2021, 2022; Guldas et al., 2021; Ramos-Romero et al., 2021; Sijil et al., 2023; Tabarzad et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2021).”
Cheong, K., Sabir, A., Veeraperumal, S., Quero, F., Li, R., Zhao, Q., Tan, K., Zhong, S., & Veerabagu, U. (2025) · Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2025.100693 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Krokidas, A., Gakis, A. G., Aktypi, O., Antonopoulou, S., & Nomikos, T. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16111651 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The antioxidant and immunomodulating properties of spirulina have been extensively reviewed [15,31–33] and its effects are largely attributed to its rich nutrient profile which includes β -carotene, c-phytocyanin, and several vitamins and minerals (recently reviewed in Gogna et al. [15]).”
BackgroundMetabolic Engineering of Microbes for the Production of Plant‐Based Compounds
Bose, S. K., Upadhyay, S., & Srivastava, Y. (2022) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/9781119834489.ch4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dinakarkumar, Y., Kannan, D. C., & Theivendren, P. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109081 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pan, X., Ibrahim, M., Zhou, L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof12020129 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Casula, M., Fais, G., Sidorowicz, A., Caboni, P., Cao, G., & Concas, A. (2024) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-024-00019-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…bioactive compounds, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and pigments such as phycobilipro-teins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll [11, 12] which can be used as supplements with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions to enhance their diet and their protection against the…”
Soliman, R. E., Ateya, A. I., Abou-El-Atta, M., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07498-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lozoya‐Pérez, N. E., Orona‐Tamayo, D., Paredes-Molina, D. M., Beltrán-Ramírez, F. I., & Quintana-Rodríguez, E. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91652-3.00018-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Luque, C., Perazzoli, G., Gómez‐Villegas, P., Vigara, J., Martínez, R., García-Beltrán, A., Porres, J. M., Prados, J. C., León, R., & Melguizo, C. (2024) · Journal of Marine Science and Engineering · doi:10.3390/jmse12060996 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Parkavi, K., Rani, V., Selvi, M. J. T., Parthiban, F., Padmavathy, P., & Kadam, R. V. (2025) · Thalassas An International Journal of Marine Sciences · doi:10.1007/s41208-025-00826-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…food webs, providing the primary productivity of the ocean and one of the promising sources to extract various bioactive substances such as pigments, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, enzymes, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) etc. (Wu et al. 2021; Balasubramaniam et al. 2021; Li and Li 2023).”
A review of current research in the field of chemistry and pharmacology of algae
Mitishev, A. V., Vodop'yanova, O. A., Kurdyukov, E. E., Semenova, E. F., & Fednina, A. S. (2023) · Proceedings of universities Applied chemistry and biotechnology · doi:10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-2-184-196 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Environment-Friendly Cosmetics from Microbial Sources
Mehmood, T., Nawaz, S., Nadeem, F., et al. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86087-4_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yan, X., Xu, H., Yang, Z., Yin, Y., Fang, W., Wakisaka, M., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14142457 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This characteristic makes microalgae show unique advantages in the industrial chain of functional food additives, bioactive substance synthesis, animal feed improvement, and clean energy development [1,2].”
From Sea to Table: The Power of Metabolomics in Marine Food Science and Facing Challenges
El‐Akad, R. H., Baky, M. H., & Hegazi, N. M. (2025) · Science and Technology Nexus · doi:10.25259/stn_2_2025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of development and utilization of marine microorganisms as new food resources
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Algal metabolites as emerging anti-virulence therapeutics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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- Authors
- Wu, J., Gu, X., Yang, D., Xu, S., Wang, S., Chen, X., & Wang, Z.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (CN)
- Fuzhou University (CN)
- College of Biological Science and Technology Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Shannan
- Venue
- Food Science & Nutrition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-07-26
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 5279-5292
- ISSN
- 2048-7177 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8441504
- OpenAlex
- W3186132819
- Semantic Scholar
- 9c12c0c77ecb8cb0ebfad4e65c45fd101ccedc5a
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Science & Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972017)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
- Keywords
- marine microalgae, bioactive compounds, microalgal proteins, microalgal lipids, microalgae polysaccharides, microalgal pigments, anticancer activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antithrombotic activity, antiviral activity, nitrogen fixation
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